Mr Sad Mr Happy Mr Frightened Mr Angry

Background What does an emotion consist of? A cognition (thought) A physiological response from the autonomic nervous system. This latter might involve a surge of adrenalin, an increase in heart rate and blood sugar levels, sweating etc

Which is the correct order? James/Lange Theory Perception of emotion-arousing stimulus (Ghost/wasp) Emotion “I’m scared” Physiological response

Cannon(1920) Physiological response Perception of emotion arousing stimulus (Ghost/wasp) Emotion: “I’m scared”

Schachter & Singer (1962) The Cognitive Labelling Theory Influences degree of emotion Physiological response Emotion arousing stimulus (Ghost/wasp) Emotion “I’m scared” Cognitive interpretation/appraisal of arousal Influences type of emotion

Schachter and Singer Given credit towards exam grades (University of Minnesota) Epi. informed Euphoric Injection of adrenaline/ epinephrine 184 male psychology students Epi. misinformed Stooge Emotion Epi. ignorant But told it was a vitamin, Suproxin. Angry Medical records checked But no epi. mis. condition Control (injection of saline solution) Measured by a) questionnaire b) observation

Which group would show the most or any emotion……? ….according to Schachter and Singer’s expectations regarding their cognitive labelling theory. This two factor theory of emotion requires both a ……………..response and a ………….appraisal. Epinephrine informed? Epinephrine misinformed? Epinephrine ignorant? The control/placebo group?

Strengths of the study Two different ways of measuring the DV; this arguably adds validity. Statistical analysis was carried out Pulse taken before injection and after stooge session to see if it had had an effect. Sample were also asked about palpitations/shaking to check physiological response. Behaviour observed through one-way mirror therefore avoiding…………? More than one observer to check for inter-rater reliability. Large sample size Medical records checked/debriefing took place. Standardised procedure, standardised instructions, script for stooges etc Therefore can easily be replicated

Weaknesses of the study Ethical issues: protection of participants, deception, invasion of privacy Lack of control: injection on its own may well have caused a physiological response, even in the placebo condition. Sample may well have been very suspicious (11 sets of data discarded) especially as they were ………..? Only males in sample Demand characteristics. Self-report had to be abandoned in the angry condition: subjects did not show anger because of credits given. Measurement of emotional response not valid: no control over what mood participants were in the first place. Was measurement of emotion through observation valid? Would introverts necessarily have been happier if they had joined in? Stooges must have created different responses according to individual personalities and moods. Lack of consistency. No epinephrine misinformed in the angry condition. Individual differences in response to adrenalin meant a degree of control was necessarily lost. Lack of ecological validity