Hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons Double and triple bonds between carbons Not every carbon has each of its 4 electrons bonded to 4 different atoms More chemically reactive than saturated compounds, or alkanes Unsaturated hydrocarbons include alkenes (double bonds) and alkynes (triple bonds) Mullis

Naming Organic Compounds Name the parent hydrocarbon: Use the LONGEST STRAIGHT chain of carbon atoms. Add the name of the alkyl groups attached to the chain. If more than one group is attached, use the proper numerical prefix to indicate how many groups are attached. (2=di, 3-tri,etc.) Assign numbers to the carbons in the parent chain. Assign so that attached groups are at the lowest number possible. Insert the numbers in front of the proper group. Separate position numbers from names with hyphens. Mullis

Example: Naming Organic Compounds Name the parent hydrocarbon. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH – CH3 hexane CH3 CH3 CH3 Add the name of the alkyl groups attached to the chain. 3 methyl groups: trimethylhexane Assign numbers to the carbons in the parent chain. 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH – CH3 4-5. Insert position numbers and add hyphens. 2,3,5-trimethylhexane Mullis

Name the following compounds 1. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH3 CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH3 | | CH3 CH3 3. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH2 2-methyl pentane #2: 2,5-dimethyl hexane #3: 3-methyl hexane Mullis

Unsaturated hydrocarbons Single bond between carbons: -ane CnH2n+1 Double bond between carbons: -ene CnH2n Triple bond between carbons: -yne CnHn Examples: C H ethane C2H6 C H ethene C2H4 C H ethyne C2H2 Mullis

Other Functional Groups Compound Formula Example Alcohol R-OH hydroxyl group 1-propanol Alkyl Halide -X X = any halide 1,2-dibromopropane Ether R-O-R’ one oxygen bonded to 2 hydrocarbon groups diethyl ether CH3-CH2 –O--CH2--CH3 Aldehyde O || R-C-H Carbonyl group attached to end carbon Ethanal O CH3—C--H Ketone R-C-R’ Carbonyl group attached to a middle carbon 2-propanone O CH3—C-- CH3 Carboxylic Acid R-C-OH Carboxyl group ethanoic acid O CH3—C—OH Ester R-C-O-R’ Carboxyl group without the H methyl ethanoate O CH3—C—O-- CH3 Mullis

Cyclic Compounds Cycloalkanes Aromatic compounds Saturated carbons joined in a ring Example is cyclohexane, C6H12 Add cyclo- to beginning of name if the alkane is known to be arranged in a circle (CnH2n). No position number is needed if only one alkyl group is attached. Aromatic compounds Unsaturated: Contains 3 double bonds Example is benzene, C6H6 C-H H-C benzene 1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene CH3CH2- -CH3 Mullis

Addition Reactions Water adds to ethene: The double bond is broken and an H attaches to one carbon and the OH attaches to the other carbon. H H H H C C + H-OH H-C-C-H H H H H Ethene can add to itself, breaking double bonds to attach to one molecule after another. A monomer is a small unit; when additional monomers are attached repeatedly, a long-chain polymer is formed. Mullis

Addition Polymers Polyethylene is a polymer made from the monomer ethene. Zip-lock bags are usually made from low-density polyethylene. Common polymer variations replace one of ethene’s hydrogens with another unit, such as a halogen atom (F or Cl), Cyanide (CN), or benzene (C6H6). Vinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride Acrylonitrile polyacrylnitrile Styrene polystyrene Atoms that compose the monomers determine the properties of the polymer. Mullis

Petrochemicals Petrochemicals are compounds produced from oil or natural gas. Most are used to produce other synthetic products, especially plastics. Builder molecules are those small-molecule compounds such as ethene. Ethene is a 2-carbon hydrocarbon with a double bond (2 pairs of shared electrons). Compounds with double and triple bonds are more reactive than those with single bonds. Mullis