Women’s Roles in Non-Economic Activities Using Time Use Surveys in Thailand, Japan, and China Ms. Sudarat Tuntivivat Ms. Kanjana Tisayaticom Dr. Phusit Prakongsai International Health Policy Program (IHPP) Presentation to IHPP journal club 1 November 2010 IHPP meeting room

Data and Presentation Sources Thailand Time Use Survey 2001, 2004, 2009 (Data Cleaning Process) National Statistical Office China Time Use Survey 2008 National Bureau of Statistics Japan Time Use Survey 2006 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Non-economic activities Definition Work, service, activities, Without earning and compensation, For household members, other households or community

Non-economic activities Group of activities for analysis in Thailand Group 1: Household maintenance, management and shopping for own household Group 2: Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household Group 3: Community services and help to other household There are various methods to group the non-economic activities, For this presentation. I will group this into 3 groups according to NSO presentation. Japan will focus on elderly care and China will focus on child care.

Historical development of Time Use Survey in Thailand 2009 - All day activities - Prepare time every 10 minutes Main and second activities (5 digits) - Representation (Whole kingdom, Region) 2004 - All day activities - Prepare time every 10 minutes Main and Second activities (3 digits) - Representation (Whole Kingdom, Region) Respondents are a member of household who must be 10 years and older (On data cleaning process) 2001 - All day activities - Main Activities (2 digits) - Represent ion (Whole Kingdom, Region) International classification of activities for Time-Use Statistics (ICATUS)

Non-economic activities Average time of respondents aged 10 yrs and over by groups of activity: Time Use Surveys in Thailand 2001 & 2004 (hours per day) Non-economic activities 6

Non-economic activities % Population by sex and activities

Non-economic activities Average time by sex and activities (hours per day)

Household maintenance, management and shopping for own household % Population by sex and activities

Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household % Population by sex and activities

Community services and help to other household % Population by sex and activities

Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan Points 1. Main caregivers in households are female. 2. Most care workers are female. Over 40% of female care workers are non-regular employees. 3. There are differences in time spent on caring activities between women and men.

Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan Main caregivers in households are female. Main caregiver in the household by sex Male 28.1% Female 71.9% Data: “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2007)

Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan Most care workers are female. Over 40% of female care workers are non-regular employees. Care workers by sex and employment situation N Regular employment Non-regular employment Unknown Female 23,330 60.7% 39.2% 0.1% Male 5,681 86.9% 12.9% Both sexes 29,124 65.8% 34.1% 　Data: Survey of working conditions of care workers, Care Work Foundation (2006)

Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan The cause of care needs are different between women and men. Major reasons for need of assistance or care by sex Data: “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2007)　

WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE IN CHINA? Responsibility by Gender In China, women take on most housework. Average time of housework: Women: 4 hours (234 minutes) Men: 1.5 hours (91 minutes) Sources: 2008 time use survey in China

TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE? The Average Time Use by Distance between Home and Work Place Sources: 2008 time use survey in China

TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE IN CHINA? Responsibility by Gender Female participation of child-care Participation rate: 22 %, The average time of female participants: 137 minutes. More than 1/5 of women engaged in child-care, and on average they spent more than 2 hours on it per day.

TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CHILD CARE IN CHINA? Responsibility, Secondary Activity Child-care as Secondary Activity Total F M Total Records 8114 6026 2088 Records /per 100 Diary by Age Group 25-34 74 22 35-44 29 14 55-64 27 Sources: 2008 time use survey in China

TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE IN CHINA? Responsibility by Age Time on taking care of child Two segments and two peaks, both for women and for men Women spent more time on child- care than men do. 20

Conclusions and policy recommendations Women participated in non-economic activities more than men, especially household services and care for household members. To reduce gender inequity, both economic and non-economic activities should be equally addressed. Non-economic activities, should be valued as monetary equivalence and included in the GDP estimation. Need campaign to change social attitude, especially men, on sharing responsibility in non-economic activities.

Questions and Comments Thank you for your attention