Topic 1: Similarities and Differences Among Living Organisms Regents Review Topic 1: Similarities and Differences Among Living Organisms

Plant vs Animal Cell Plant Animal Differences – plant has cell wall, chloroplast, and huge vacuole

Organelles Nucleus – “brain”, contains DNA, controls cell Vacuole – “storage”, stores water, food, waste Mitochondria – “powerhouse”, produces energy for cell through respiration

Organelles Chloroplast – “food”, green color, makes glucose for plant through photosynthesis Cytoplasm – “jelly”, provides shape of cell, transport Ribosome – “protein”, uses amino acids to make proteins Cell membrane – “gatekeeper”, selectively permeable, fluid-mosaic

Organelles DNA – “info”, genetic material that codes for all activities of the cell (NOT AN ORGANELLE) Cell Wall – “rigid”, stiff outer layer of plant cell, helps cell keep shape Lysosome – “recycling center”, breaks down dead organelles and waste

The Cell Membrane 1.Separates contents of cell from environ. 2.Control transport in and out of cell 3.Recognize and respond to chemical signals

Transport Passive Transport – transport of molecules into and out of the cell that does not require energy, molecules move from high to low concentration Ex. Diffusion and Osmosis Diffusion through the Membrane Lab

Diffusion Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration A natural process, molecules want to spread out Ex. Mom baking cookies, aroma reaches you after a few minutes…molecules spreading naturally from high concentration (kitchen) to low concentration (living room)

Osmosis Diffusion of water Water molecules move from high to low concentration

Active Transport Transport of molecules from low to high concentration. Requires Energy!!! (ATP) Ex. Desert Plants absorbing water

Transport

Recognizing Signals How do cells receive and understand messages from the body? Proteins found in the cell membrane can receive chemical messages.

Hormone Produced in endocrine glands. Chemicals responsible for communication between cells. If hormone production is slowed, stopped, blocked…homeostasis can be effected.

Craig ????

Receptor Molecule Proteins found in cell membranes. Can detect hormones, chemicals from nerve cells that will stimulate the cell to respond.

Receptor Molecules

Target Cell Specific type of cell that signal is supposed to reach.

Endocrine System A series of small organs that produce the hormones (messengers) of the body Include thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, testes, and ovaries.

Endocrine System

Levels of Organization Cell – contain organelles Tissue – groups of specialized cells Organs – different types of tissues combined Organ System – several organs working together Organism

Levels of Org

Single Celled Organism An organism that is only one cell, yet undergoes all of life functions. Organelles of single cell org are much simpler than organ system of a human, but capable of same function. Ex. Vacuole vs Digestive System

Body Systems Endocrine – sends chemical messengers (hormones) to body systems through blood stream (pancreas, ovaries/testes) Respiratory – exchange of gasses between blood of circ system and the environment (lungs, nose)

Body Systems Excretory – removal of all waste from body cells (kidney, lung, sweat gland, anus) Nervous – sends signals along nerves, co-ordinates movement of body (brain, spinal cord)

Body Systems Immune System – detect and destroy invaders found in the body, increases body’s immunity Immunity – ability to resist disease

Body Systems Digestive – ingest, break down food, nutrients absorbed into blood stream (esophagus, stomach, intestines) Skeletal – provide foundation for body Muscular – contract to move bones  body

Body Systems Circulatory – transport materials such as oxygen, waste, and nutrients throughout your body (heart, arteries, blood)

Life Functions Respiration – break down nutrients to release energy (mitochondria) Regulation – responding to internal and external stimuli, maintaining homeostasis Reproduction – produce more of own species

Life Functions Growth – increasing the size or number of cells Excretion – removing waste Nutrition – obtaining nutrients from environment and breaking them down for transport

Life Functions Transport – move materials throughout organism Circulation – blood vessels are the highway of the human body

Life Functions Synthesis – TO BUILD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! - combining simple substances into complex substances Metabolism – all chem reactions that take place in the cell Homeostasis – BALANCE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! - maintaining internal stability of organism

Photosynthesis vs Respiration Plant Cells  Chloroplast H2O + CO2  C6H12O6 + O2 Sunlight Glucose

Photosynthesis vs Respiration All cells  mitochondria C6H12O6 + O2  ATP + CO2 + H2O Glucose Energy

A Cycle!!

Inorganic vs Organic Inorganic Do not contain both H and C Include salts, acids/bases, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen Organic Contain both H and C Include DNA, protein, fat, carbohydrates, enzymes

Biochemistry Carbohydrates – store energy (starch in plants, glycogen in animals) Simple Sugars – monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule), glucose

Biochemistry Proteins – made of amino acids (coded for by DNA), essential in just about every process that occurs in an organism Enzymes – speed up bio reactions Hormones – chemical messengers Antibodies – find and destroy invaders Antigens – stimulate immune response Pigments – different colors (chlorophyll)

Biochemistry Lipids – fats, essential for life (cell membranes)