1. INTRO TO CELLS
All living thing are composed of _______ or more cells. Each cell is capable of carrying
out all of the ________ functions. For example, digestion and _________________
Cells come in different ____________ and sizes
to enhance ( ________ ) their functions.
Ex. Red blood cells are ___________ and smooth
to enable their ________________
through the blood stream.
GROUPING OF CELLS:
Cells working together = ______________
Tissues working together = ____________
Organs working together = ___________________
Organ systems working together = _____________
one
life
respiration
shapes
help
round
movement
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

2. ORGANELLES - Inside the cell are _________ structures called organelles that
carry out specific _______.
NUCLEUS - ___________ the cell
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE - ____________
the nucleus
DNA – The ____________ material
that condenses into chromosomes
CYTOPLASM - Jelly-like ________
of the cell that holds the ______________
CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE – Surrounds the cell and lets materials ______ and ______
MITOCHONDRIA - The “ ________________ “ of the cell that does cellular respiration
RIBOSOMES - _________________ (make) proteins. Ex. _______, _____________
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – A system of tunnels for _____________ of materials
small
jobs
controls
surrounds
genetic
fluid
organelles in
out
powerhouse
synthesize
hair
muscle
transport

3. PLANT CELLS vs. ANIMAL CELLS
Plant cells contain _______ the organelles that animal cells do, with ____ major differences.
#1 _______________ - Outside the cell membrane, the cell wall
____________ the cell.
#2 ______________________ - Contains
green chlorophyll to enable the
plant to do __________________
#3 Large ________________ to store
water, minerals, and wastes 3
all
CELL WALL
supports
CHLOROPLAST
photosynthesis
VACUOLE

4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION - In the _____________________ in cells
mitochondria
CELLULAR RESPIRATION - In the _____________________ in cells
of plants & animals, the stored energy of ___________ is mixed with ____________ and
converted to the high energy molecule ___________
WORDS: ___________ + ___________  ___________ + ____________ + ________
SYMBOLS: ___________ + ____________  ___________ + ________ + ________
glucose
oxygen
ATP
carbon
dioxide
glucose
oxygen
ATP Energy
water
C6H12O6 O2
ATP Energy
CO2
H2O

5. ATP Energy - ATP = __________________________________
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high ______________
molecule made by ______________ respiration.
A good analogy of ATP is a rechargeable _____________.
STRUCTURE OF ATP:
RELEASE OF ENERGY – When the _______ is broken, energy is released.
USES OF ATP ENERGY: ______________ ______________ ______________
Adenosine Triphosphate
energy
cellular
battery
bond
walking
heartbeat
thinking

6. light build chloroplasts solar C6H12O6 CO2 H2O O2 H2O H C both C6H12O6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTO = _________ SYNTHESIS = _________
In the ______________________ of plant cells,
the energy of the sun ( __________ energy) is used to
make glucose for the plant.
REACTION: ______ + ______  ___________ + _______ + ________
chlorophyll
ORGANIC MOLECULES INORGANIC MOLECULES
Contain both Hydrogen ____ and Carbon ____ Missing either C or H or ______
Ex. __________ ____________ Ex. _______ ________ ________
YOU DECIDE! Is it Organic (O) or Inorganic (I)? NH3 _______ C2H5OH ______
“During photosynthesis, the inorganic molecules ______ & ______ combine into the
energy-rich organic molecule _____________.”
light
build
chloroplasts
solar
C6H12O6
CO2
H2O O2
H2O H C
both
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
CO2
H2O
H2O2 I O
CO2
H2O
C6H12O6

7. LEAF STRUCTURE - The leaf is the main area of photosynthesis in a plant.
CO2 enters through the _________
O2 & H2O ________ out
of the stoma.
The ________ cells close
the stoma when there’s
not enough _________.
The plant can control
water ______ when there
is a drought.
This is an example of:
HOMEOSTASIS
HOMEO = _________
STASIS = _________ _____ _____ & ______
Homeostasis is maintenance of a constant ______________ internal environment
stoma
exit
guard
rain
loss
same
state
CO2 O2
H2O
healthy

8. molecules high reached energy high low equilibrium water DIFFUSION
The movement of _______________ (other than water) from ________ concentration
to low concentration until equilibrium is ______________. No ___________ is
required for diffusion.
_______ _______ ________________
OSMOSIS – The diffusion of _____________
molecules
high
reached
energy
high
low
equilibrium
water

9. low high ATP Energy opposite pump potassium low high ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The movement of molecules from ________ concentration to _______ using the
power of __________________. (This is the ________________ of diffusion.)
Active transport is used in human cells
to ________ in ________________ .
______ _________
low
high
ATP Energy
opposite
pump
potassium
low
high

10. big broken small STARCH glucose PROTEIN amino acid cell hair eat
MOLECULES AND THEIR BUILDING BLOCKS
Some molecules are too _______ to move across
a cell membrane and need to be ____________ down
into their __________ building blocks first.
Amino acid
Once inside the _______ the small molecules can be used as raw materials
for the synthesis of other compounds such as _________, enzymes,
and stored starch. “You are what you _______.”
GLYCOGEN (stored starch in muscles & liver)
big
broken
small
TOO BIG MOLECULE
SMALL BUILDING BLOCK
____________ Ex. Pasta
___________ (or simple sugar)
____________ Ex. Chicken
_________________
STARCH
glucose
PROTEIN
amino acid
cell
hair
eat

11. CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE
Functions of the Cell Membrane:
1. Separates the cell from its outside ___________________
2. Controls which molecules ___________ and __________
the cell. (The cell membrane is “selectively permeable.”)
3. Recognizes messages from ______________ using the specific shape of the hormone and the shape of the protein _____________ molecule.
Ex. – When you eat a meal, your blood glucose __________.
In response, your pancreas releases the hormone
____________. This tells the cells to let the sugar
______ the cell and blood sugar ________ back down.
environment
enter
exit
hormones
receptor
rises
insulin
into
lowers

12. SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS
Single celled organisms are in the _______________ kingdom and perform all of the life
functions (ex. digestion) using specialized ____________________.
1. AMEBA
Ameba live in the
__________ and are
constantly changing
shape using their
____________________.
PSEUDO = __________ POD = ________
The pseudopods are also used to surround
and engulf ________ particles in a process
called ________________________
PHAGO = _______ CYTO = _______
Protist
organelles
water
pseudopods
false
feet
food
phagocytosis
eat
cell

13. 2. PARAMECIUM contractile balance cilia food
Both the ameba and the paramecium
have an organelle called a __________________
vacuole. This organelle works like a water pump
and helps to maintain water _____________.
The _________ (little hairs) allow the
paramecium to swim. The oral groove
is used to sweep in ____________.
contractile
balance
cilia
food

14. Proteins speed catalysts break down synthesize specific fits works
ENZYMES
Enzymes are: (1) _____________ that _________ up chemical reactions.
Enzymes are also called protein _______________.
(2) Enzymes can _____________ or _______________ other molecules
(3) Each enzyme has a _______________ shape that determines
the molecule it _______ with and works on.
SUBSTRATE
Molecule the enzyme
________ on.
ACTIVE SITE
Where the enzyme and
substrate _______ and
the action happens
or “ _______________ Model”
Proteins
speed
catalysts
break down
synthesize
specific
fits
works
touch
Lock & Key

15. FACTORS THAT IMPACT ENZYME ACTION
(1) TEMPERATURE - Each enzyme has an optimal (_________) temperature to do its work. Most human enzymes work best at _____ °F or ___ °C
When enzymes get
hot, their shapes
__________ or
denature.
(2) pH – Each enzyme has a best pH (Acid, Base, or _____________)
Ex. Most human enzymes work best at a neutral pH of ____ _______ An exception are ___________ enzymes which work best at
an acidic pH
best
98.6 37
change
neutral 7
stomach