Chapter 6

Iroquois Lands & European Trade Centers New France was established for: -Fur trapping -To gain control from the Mississippi to its mouth (New Orleans, Louisiana

Anglo-French Wars move to North America

Meanwhile, back on the European Continent… King William’s War Queen Anne’s War King George’s War French and Indian War (a.k.a. Seven Years War)

BritishFrench Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians (defeated but was allowed to retreat, GUESS THE DATE?) The Ohio River Valley 1754  The First Clash

Albany Congress  It failed because Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French. Albany Congress  It failed because Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French  Albany Plan of Union Was a meeting of representatives of seven of the Colonies: Connecticut, Mary land, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island Representatives met daily at Albany, New York to discuss better relations with the Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French.

Franklin’s Political Cartoon that Impacted History First used in 1754 to gather support for the the Albany Plan of Union Later used again for the Revolution

Albany Plan of Union Proposed by Ben Franklin East colonial legislature would select representatives to a Grand Council Based on the Iroquois League of Six Nations Used to protect colonies against Indians who were going to side with the French Appeal to the colonies to unify against the threat from France Not adopted but it was the first attempt at uniting the colonies together

Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the Ohio Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the Ohio Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) Attacks Ohio Valley, Mohawk Valley,& Acadia Attacks Ohio Valley, Mohawk Valley,& Acadia Killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces. Killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces. George Washington had 2 horses shot from underneath him and four bullet holes in his coat. George Washington had 2 horses shot from underneath him and four bullet holes in his coat. Only British Success  expelled France from Louisiana. Only British Success  expelled France from Louisiana. Acadians/CAJUNS 1755  Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in North America

Native American tribes exploited both sides! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm 1756  War Is Formally Declared!

He understood colonial concerns. He understood colonial concerns. He offered them a compromise: He offered them a compromise: colonial loyalty & military cooperation colonial loyalty & military cooperation British would reimburse colonial assemblies for their costs. British would reimburse colonial assemblies for their costs. Lord Loudoun would be removed. Lord Loudoun would be removed  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758.

* By 1761, Spain had become an ally of France  The Tide Turns for England

Causes Both wanted more land -- the Ohio River Valley Both fought over fishing rights near Nova Scotia (part of Canada) Both wanted power Both wanted money

British-American Colonial Tensions March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna British officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor:

France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India. Treaty of Paris of 1763

Effects of F & I War Washington got military training that would help him later English won – France was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris of 1763 Got the Ohio River Valley Settlers hopeful of westward expansion beyond Appalachian Mountains

Effects of F & I War Got the fishing rights when France gave up Canada English treasury was emptied out because the war cost too much – needed $$$$ Government needed to tighten its administrative hold on the colonies Decided to reinvigorate the mercantile system

North America in 1763

1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on Britain?

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time – a spirit of independence. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials

Problem with Mercantilism The colonies produced too many products for England so they started selling to other countries The English government “turned a blind eye” to colonies trading outside of England. Salutary neglect

But after the French & Indian War Changed economic policy…. From Salutary Neglect to strict enforcement with the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 –All products must be sold through England, no direct sales to other countries Cracked down on smuggling

Effects of the F & I War Raised taxes =Colonists got mad England became most powerful country But, colonists realized British were not invincible and started thinking of themselves as American rather than British Colonists wanted to take a more independent stand Learned to work together and cooperate

1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

British  Proclamation Line of BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

At the end of the F & I War Cause England had more land on which to settle Pontiac’s Rebellion Effect Indians upset with invading settlers Proclamation of 1763

Settlers were prohibited from crossing the Appalachian Mountains to claim land No militiamen would be sent to protect anyone who ignored the law