KINESIOLOGY Energy Systems Anatomy Biomechanics “…….on your mark”

Anatomy Location Structure Function Characteristics HOME Skeletal System Running Muscular Systems

HOME Anatomy Skeletal System Running Muscular Systems

HOME Anatomy Skeletal System Running Muscular Systems

HOME Energy Systems ATP LA CP O2

HOME Energy Systems O2 means aerobic running in which ATP is manufactured from food mainly sugar and fat. This system produces ATP copiously and is the prime energy source during endurance activities O2

HOME Energy Systems CP - Creatine Phosphate: a chemical compound stored in muscle, which when broken down aids in the manufacture of ATP. The combination of ADP and CP produces ATP. CP

HOME Energy Systems LA LA - Lactic acid: a fatiguing metabolite of the lactic acid system resulting from the incomplete breakdown of glucose. However Noakes in South Africa has discovered that although excessive lactate production is part of the extreme fatigue process, it is the protons produced at the same time that restrict further performance

Energy Systems HOME ATP ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate: a complex chemical compound formed with the energy released from food and stored in all cells, particularly muscles. Only from the energy released by the breakdown of this compound can the cells perform work. The breakdown of ATP produces energy and ADP.

Biomechanics HOME The Running Cycle No double support phase Three phases – stance (40%) – float (30%) – swing (30%) Stance consists of – contact, midstance, propulsion ‘Float’ phase – body airborne, no foot contact – consists of forward swing and foot descent “Go”

Biomechanics HOME Biomechanics of Running There are two phases of running: the stance phase and the swing phase. The stance phase consists of foot-strike, mid-stance, and toe-off ; and the swing phase consists of follow through, hip flexion and leg descent. During an eccentric contraction, muscle fibers will slowly elongate to slow down a particular motion, while a concentric contraction involves shortening of the muscle fibers to lift an object or move a limb in a particular direction. During leg descent and foot-strike, the pelvis flexes forward and the leg extends, the hamstring muscles are eccentrically contracting to slow down both of these particular movements (Figure 4). When the eccentric load exceeds the strength of the muscle fibers, tearing of the hamstring fibers occurs, resulting in a strain injury.