500 B.C.E – A.D. 500

The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Rome from about 700 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. in terms of it’s impact on Western civilization by: Assessing the influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development Explaining the social structure and role of slavery, significance of citizenship, and the development of democratic features in the government of the Roman Republic Sequencing events leading to the Roman military domination of the Mediterranean Basin and Western Europe and the spread of Roman culture in these areas Essential Questions: How was geographic location important to economic, social, and political development of ancient Rome? How did the government of the Roman Republic become more democratic? Why was Rome able to conquer Carthage and then go on to extend its influence across the entire Mediterranean basin and much of Western Europe?

Cities Rome Alexandria Antioch Byzantium Carthage Seas Mediterranean Black Mountains Carpathian Mountains Rivers Po Tiber Nile Danube Rhine Questions: What are the advantages of Rome’s location? What are the disadvantages of Rome’s location?

Features Boot-shaped Peninsula Sea access Italian Peninsula Apennine Mountains Successful agriculture Alps Mountains Located North of Rome Advantages Easy movement Alps Mountains offered protection Sea access Located in the center of the Mediterranean Sea-borne commerce Disadvantages Limited land Few resources

Objectives: 6.1a To describe how geography influenced Rome’s development 6.1b What were the major features of the Roman Republic To describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power

First settlers were prehistoric Three main groups of Earliest settlers Latins Greeks Etruscans 1000 to 500 B.C.E. Latins Farmers, Sheppards Wandered from Alps around 1000 B.C.E. Settled on Tiber River in Latium, built original Rome Settlement on Palatine Hill 1 st Romans Greeks B.C.E. settled Sicily and southern Italy Prosperous cities and commercially active Brought into contact with Greek civilization Copied Greek Gods and legends

Etruscans Native to Northern Italy Skilled metalworkers and engineers Influenced Roman civilization writing system = Roman alphabet Architecture = use of the Arch Etruscan rituals to win favor of Gods

Etruscan Kings 600 B.C.E. 1 st Etruscan becomes king Hilltop villages grow to massive city that covered 500 square miles Ordered temples and the Forum to be built Last king Tarquin the Proud Harsh tyrant Overthrown in 509 B.C.E. Rise of the Republic Romans never wanted a king again Established a new government A republic Power rests with citizens who have sole right to elect leaders Political Groups Patricians Aristocratic landowners Powerful nobility Held most power Inherited power and status Plebeians Common farmers, artisans, and merchants Majority of population Citizens of Rome Barred by law from holding most government offices Formed Tribunes Representatives Protected Plebeian rights Slaves Not based on race Often military prisoners

Twelve Tables Plebeian forced written law 451 B.C.E. Established that all free citizens had right of the protection of law

“balanced” government Had the best features of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy Consuls “monarchy” branch Elected 2 Commanded army Directed government Term only 1 year, could not be reelected for 10 years Could veto each other Senate “aristocratic” branch Legislative and administrative functions 300 members Membership for life Assemblies Citizen-soldiers Plebeian controlled Centuriate and Tribal Dictator Appointed in times of crisis Absolute power Only lasted 6 months Chosen by consuls, elected by senate

Who could be citizens? Males only Patricians Plebeians Selected Foreigners NOT SLAVES Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship Pay taxes Serve in the military

All citizens who owned land required to serve in army To secure certain public offices 10 years in army required Organized into legions Each legion had 5,000 infantry and calvary Battle strategy: Three lines 1 st : youngest and strongest 3 rd : most disciplined Each legion divided into centuries of 80 men

Conquering Italy Dominated peninsula by 4 th century B.C.E. 390 B.C.E attacked by the Gauls, sacked Rome Romans quickly rebuilt and established control Defeated Etruscans and Greek city-states Three categories for subdued territory Latins Full citizens Territories farther from Rome No right to vote Everyone else Allies of Rome

Commercial Networks Roman merchants moved by land and sea Traded Roman wine and olive oil Rome and Carthage competed for trade War Carthage, a power Phoenician colony fought for trading control B.C.E. = three wars

1 st Punic War lasted 23 years Control of Sicily Carthage defeated 2 nd Punic War 218 B.C.E. Hannibal Invaded Italy, 10 years Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C.E. Scipio attacked Carthage 202 B.C.E. Hannibal defeated 3 rd Punic War 149 B.C.E. Carthage no real threat Cato: “Carthage must be destroyed” Set on fire, citizens became slaves

After the Punic Wars, Rome dominated the Western Mediterranean Expanded trade and wealth for Rome Rome next looked to conquer the East and by 70 B.C.E. Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean

Who? Rome vs. Carthage When? B.C.E. Cause?Control of Mediterranean Things to Know: Series of three wars : Rome wins ALL Rome’s victory= dominance of Mediterranean Hannibal was famous general from Carthage Carthage is destroyed and no longer a power Benefits for Rome: Rome expands into Africa, Asia, and Europe

The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Rome from about 700 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. in terms of it’s impact on Western civilization by: Assessing the influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development Explaining the social structure and role of slavery, significance of citizenship, and the development of democratic features in the government of the Roman Republic Sequencing events leading to the Roman military domination of the Mediterranean Basin and Western Europe and the spread of Roman culture in these areas Essential Questions: How was geographic location important to economic, social, and political development of ancient Rome? How did the government of the Roman Republic become more democratic? Why was Rome able to conquer Carthage and then go on to extend its influence across the entire Mediterranean basin and much of Western Europe?