1 Johan van der Auwera Center for Grammar,Cognition, and Typology University of Antwerp Petar Kehayov Alice Vittrant Acquisitive modals July 2008

2 van der Auwera, Johan, Petar Kehayov & Alice Vittrant (in print) “Modality’s semantic map revisited: acquisitive modals”, Cross-linguistic Studies of Tense, Aspect, and Modality. ed by Lotte Hogeweg, Helen De Hoop, and Andrej Malchukov. Amsterdam: Benjamins. van der Auwera, Johan (in print) “In defense of classical semantic maps”, Theoretical Linguistics

3 What is an ‘acquisitive’ modal? I get to watch TV tonight.

4 Why are they interesting? 1. Understudied … not SAE 2. Call for a revision of the modality’s semantic map proposal van der Auwera, Johan & Vladimir Plungian “Modality’s semantic map”, Linguistic Typology 2 (1998),

5 Poss Sit PInt Nec Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Nec Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Nec Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist Nec Epist

6 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist John can swim.

7 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist John can swim. To get to the station you can take the bus. You can stay home.

8 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist John can swim. To get to the station you can take the bus. You can stay home. He may be home.

9

10

11 Possibility … Necessity Lexicon … Grammar

12 Possibility … Necessity Lexicon … Grammar

13 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist can

14 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist can

15 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist may

16 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist canmay

17 Semantic map Anderson (1982), Croft (2001), Haspelmath (1997)

18 Semantic map Grammaticalization Anderson (1982), Croft (2001), Haspelmath (1997) Bybee, Perkins & Pagliuca (1994) +

19 Poss Sit PInt Nec Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Nec Sit PExt Poss Sit PExt Deon Nec Sit PExt Deon Poss Epist Nec Epist

20 Semantic map Takes accounts of types of semantic change Anderson (1982), Croft (2001), Haspelmath (1997) + specializationgeneralizationmetonymy or metaphor

21 Semantic map Takes accounts of types of semantic change Anderson (1982), Croft (2001), Haspelmath (1997) + specializationgeneralizationmetonymy or metaphor J. van der Auwera & C. Temürcü (2006) “Semantic maps in Typology”, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 2nd ed. ed, by K. Brown. Oxford: Elsevier, 11:

22 ModalPremodalPostmodal

23 ModalPremodal yào ‘desire’

24 ModalPostmodal

25 bidirectionality possible must, moeten … děiděi dürfen

26 Semantic map Important property: Semantic contiguity Anderson, Croft, Haspelmath

27 Semantic map Important property: Semantic contiguity

28 exception: non-contiguous meanings descend from a common but lost ancestor

29 exception: non-contiguous meanings descend from a common but lost ancestor

30 exception: non-contiguous meanings descend from a common but lost ancestor Any other exceptions? J. van der Auwera & C. Temürcü (2006) “Semantic maps in Typology”, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 2nd ed. ed, by K. Brown. Oxford: Elsevier, 11:

31 Homonymy Language contact The map is wrong

32 Homonymy Language contact The map is wrong English

33 Homonymy Language contact The map is wrong English CcBaltic MSEA CcBaltic MSEA

34 Homonymy English I get to go now. I gotta go now. p.ext. necessity p.ext. possibility

35 get have got Homonymy English I get to go now. I gotta go now. p.ext. necessity p.ext. possibility

36 get have got Homonymy English I got to go then. I gotta go now. p.ext. necessity p.ext. possibility

37 The map is wrongCcBaltic MSEA

38 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Modal Premodal

39 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get vdA & P (1998: 104, 119) English PExt: I get to watch TV tonight. PInt: *I get to swim.

40 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get vdA & P (1998: 104, 119) Swedish PExt: Lasse får köra bil. “Lasse gets to drive the car.” ‘Lasse may/must drive the car.’ PInt:*‘Lasse can drive the car.’

41 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get vdA & P (1998: 104, 119) English, Swedish, Hindi, Bangla (vdA 2001) Hmong (Li 1991)

42 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get vdA & P (1998: 104, 119) Nec Sit PExt English, Swedish, Hindi, Bangla (vdA 2001) Hmong (Li 1991), Lahu (Matisoff 1973, 1991) ?

43 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get vdA & P (1998: 104, 119) English, Swedish, Hindi, Bangla (vdA 2001) Hmong (Li 1991), Lahu (Matisoff 1973, 1991) an exception to unidirectionality, semantically unmotivated, language contact ?

The Lahu case is not exceptional 2 hotbeds of acquisitive modality Northern Europe South(east) Asia

The Lahu case is not exceptional 2 hotbeds of acquisitive modality Northern Europe South(east) Asia Classical Greek Tuvaluan …

46 Swedish Northern Saami Norwegian Danish Faroese Icelandic Karelian Veps Liv Estonian Ingrian Finnish Votic Latvian Lithuanian

47 Estonian a. Sinasaad mind aidata. (Erelt 2003: 107) youget-PRS.3SG me help.INF ‘You are able to help me.’ b. Saab ujuma minna kui ilmad on ilusad. get-PRS.3SG swim-INF go-INF when weather-PL be.PRS.3SG beautiful-PL ‘It is is possible (for us) to go swimming when the weather is better.’ c. Kaasasaabvõtta10krooni. (Erelt 2003: 107) withget-PRS.3SGtake-INF10kroon-PRT ‘It is allowed to take 10 kroons along.’

48 North Germanic Norwegian, Swedish, (Danish) Finno-Lappic Finnish, North Saami, Veps Baltic Lithuanian North Germanic Icelandic Finno-Lappic Estonian, Ingrian, Karelian, Liv, Votic Baltic Latvian North Germanic Faroese No language Poss Sit PExtSit PInt Northern Europe

49 North Germanic Norwegian, Swedish, (Danish) Finno-Lappic Finnish, North Saami, Veps Baltic Lithuanian North Germanic Icelandic Finno-Lappic Estonian, Ingrian, Karelian, Liv, Votic Baltic Latvian North Germanic Faroese No language Poss Sit PExtSit PInt Northern Europe ► ?

50 North Germanic Norwegian, Swedish, (Danish) Finno-Lappic Finnish, North Saami, Veps Baltic Lithuanian North Germanic Icelandic Finno-Lappic Estonian, Ingrian, Karelian, Liv, Votic Baltic Latvian North Germanic Faroese No language Poss Sit PExtSit PInt Northern Europe ► ?

51 Old Danish ‘get’ ►‘can’ Poss PInt

52 Old Danish ‘get’ ►‘can’ ► ‘like’ Poss PInt

53 Danish Jeggider ikke læse lingvistik idag. Ifeel.like not read linguistics today ‘I don’t feel like reading linguistics today.’ Old Danish ‘get’ ►‘can’ ► ‘like’ Poss PInt

54 Danish Jeggider ikke læse lingvistik idag. Ifeel.like not read linguistics today ‘I don’t feel like reading linguistics today.’ Old Danish ‘get’ ►‘can’ ► ‘like’ Poss PInt

55 Variation in lexical input I got a book. P-external force P passive, no control P-internal force P active, control

56 Variation in lexical input I got a book. Get a book! *Acquire a book! *Receive a book! P-external force P passive, no control P-internal force P active, control

57 Variation in lexical input I got a book. Get a book! *Acquire a book! *Receive a book! P-external force P passive, no control P-internal force P active, control PExt Poss PInt Poss

58 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get ?

? 59 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get PInt

? 60 Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt get PExt get PInt ? ?

61 Swedish Northern Saami Norwegian Danish Faroese Icelandic Karelian Veps Liv Estonian Ingrian Finnish Votic Latvian Lithuanian Also contact

62 Indo-Aryan Hindi Bangla Tai-Kadai Tibeto-Birman Sinitic Mon-Khmer Hmong-Mien Sino- Tibetan { Enfield 2003 Vittrant 2004

63 Poss Sit PExtSit PInt Indo-Aryan Hindi, Bangla+- Tibeto-Birman Burmese, …+- Lahu, …++ Sinitic Mandarin, Cantonese++ Mon-Khmer Vietnamese++ Hmong-Mien Hmong++ Tai-Kadai Lao, Thai++ No language-+ South(east) Asia

64 Poss Sit PExtSit PInt Indo-Aryan Hindi, Bangla+- Tibeto-Birman Burmese, …+- Lahu, …++ Sinitic Mandarin, Cantonese++ Mon-Khmer Vietnamese++ Hmong-Mien Hmong++ Tai-Kadai Lao, Thai++ No language-+ South(east) Asia ► ► ?

65 Poss Sit PExtSit PInt Indo-Aryan Hindi, Bangla+- Tibeto-Birman Burmese, …+- Lahu, …++ Sinitic Mandarin, Cantonese++ Mon-Khmer Vietnamese++ Hmong-Mien Hmong++ Tai-Kadai Lao, Thai++ No language-+ South(east) Asia ►

66 MSEA ‘acquire’ always non-agentive The force is always P-external Enfield 2003

67 Direct diachronic evidence Li 2003 Poss Sit PExt PInt V 得 dé/de Nec Sit SExt 得 V d ě i 11 th c. 1 th c. 1 th c. BC 得 V BC 得 V V 得 ‘get’ BC V 得 dé/de V 得 dé/de

68 Hindi Bangla Enfield 2003 Vittrant 2004 Also contact

69 South(east) Asia Often two word orders: V Aux Aux V details also interesting

70 South(east) Asia Often two word orders: V Aux◄V get Aux V◄get N details also interesting Enfield 2003

71 South(east) Asia Often two word orders: V Aux◄V getPOS Aux V◄get N NEC details also interesting

72 South(east) Asia Often two word orders: V Aux◄V getPOS Aux V◄get N NEC Mandarin 得 de/dé/d ěi, Thai ได้ dây, Vietnamese đuợc details also interesting

73 South(east) Asia Often two word orders: V Aux◄V getPOS Aux V◄get N NEC Mandarin 得 de/dé/d ěi, Thai ได้ dây, Vietnamese đuợc but Burmese ] ya’ V AUX POS/NEC details also interesting

74 Poss Sit PInt get PExt get PInt ? Poss Sit PExt ?

75 Poss Sit PInt get PExt get PInt Poss Sit PExt

76 Poss Sit PInt get PExt get PInt Poss Sit PExt get PInt get PExt Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt

77 Poss Sit PInt get PExt get PInt Poss Sit PExt get PInt get PExt Poss Sit PInt Poss Sit PExt Poss Epi

78 Conclusion acquisitive modality how to deal with ‘counterevidence’ homonymy language contact map is wrong