1. East and Southeast Asia and Oceania

2. Where
Понятие синосферы

3. Where

4. Families Sino-Tibetan Sinitic
Tibeto-Burman (probably not a single branch): Newari, Tibetan, Burmese…
Упомянуть про сино-кавказскую гипотезу. Классификации внутри сино-тибетских сильно различаются. В частности, тибето-бирманские сейчас уже часто не объединяются.
Китайский (нет мандаринского! Есть пекинский!)
Активно изучаемые ныне гималайские языки – строго говоря, не генетическое объединение.

5. Families
Tai-Kadai
Thai
Lao …
Карта из Википедии

6. Families Austroasiatic Munda (Santali, Mundari, …)
Mon-Khmer (Khmer, Vietnamese, …)
Nikobarese
Сантали – больше 4 млн, мундари – 750 тыс
Никобарцы – не пускают индийцы + сами избегают контактов. Около четверти погибло во время цунами в 2004 году.

7. Families Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) Andamanese (at least two families)
Андаманские –около 400 чел.

8. Families Austronesian North Taiwan, Hawaii West Madagascar East
Easter Island
South
New Zealand
NB: + periphery (Surinamese-Javanese, Sri Lanka Malay, etc.)

9. Families
Austronesian

10. Families Австронезийская
The largest best-established family in the world
Ethnologue: 1254
Glottolog: 1274
Comparative Austronesian Dictionary (1995): 1202
Robert Blust, Ulo Sirk: 825
The only large family which is spoken mostly on islands
3-10 primary branches in Taiwan + 1 branch outside of Taiwan (Malayo-Polynesian)
Tagalog, Malagasy, Malay, Javanese…

11. Structural types within the Austronesian family
Philippine type
Indonesian (Malay) type
East Indonesian type?
Oceanic type?
Other types?
Океанийский у нас иногда выделяют, но то, что описывают – почти исключительно полинезийские языки
Филиппинский - исходный

12. Oceanic languages Basic typological characteristics
Relatively small phoneme inventories, yet often with complex vowel sytems
Marquesan
Analytical tendencies
Agglutination closer to isolation
Тенденция к аналитизму, возможно, переоценена. В Меланезии встречаются вполне себе сложные языки.

13. Oceanic languages Basic typological characteristics
Mostly head marking, but analytical cases in Polynesian languages
Mostly accusative alignment, but ergative alignment in Polynesian languages
Word order
SVO, (SOV), VSO, VOS, TVX
prepositions, postposed attributes
SOV – влияние папуасских
TVX – Topic Verb Other

14. Oceanic languages Basic typological characteristics
Possessive constructions: inalienability, possessive/relational classifiers
Browb, D. & B. Palmer. Heads in Oceanic indirect possession

15. Oceanic languages Typologically interesting phenomena
Transitivization by means of a specific marker (even with typical transitive verbs – extraversive derivation)
Tolai (after Lehmann & Verhoeven 2006)

16. Oceanic languages Typologically interesting phenomena
Syntactic incorporation / pseudo-incorporation
Tonga(Mithun 1984)
a. Na’e inu ‘a e kava ‘e Sione
PST drink ABS LNK kava ERG John
‘John drank the kava’
b. Na’e inu kava ‘a Sione
PST пить кава ABS Джон
‘John kava-drank’

17. Oceanic languages Typologically interesting phenomena
Multiple expression of negation
Lewo (Vanuatu) – 3 markers!!!
Also in serial constructions / complex predicates
Paamese (Vanuatu)
ИСТОЧНИК ПРИМЕРА!!!

18. Philippine type Predicate-initial sentences
Weak contrast between nouns and verbs
Tagalog (Gil 1993: 394)
(1) Pinatay ang bangkero
pt:pfv-kill nom boatman
The boatman was killed.
(2) pulubi ang bumalik
beggar nom at:pfv-return
The one who returned is a beggar.

19. Philippine type Multiple voices Tagalog: at least four voices
Ср. примеры из Foley 2007 (in: Voice and Grammatical Relations in Austronesian languages)

20. Philippine type
Ср. примеры из Foley 2007 (in: Voice and Grammatical Relations in Austronesian languages)

21. Philippine type Active as a marked voice Is there subject?
Ergativity? Symmetrical system?

22. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
Consonant systems are not very rich, but rich vocal systems
Often due to complex tonal systems
Not only tones, but also other phonetic processes (creaky or breathy phonation or some kind of glottal constriction)
Tonogenesis: due to the loss of consonants
Kam/Dong (Tai-Kadai) is sometimes thought to have 15 tones
Contour tone systems (rising and falling pitch)

23. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
«Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den» - a poem in Classical Chinese which should be read in Modern Chinese as consisting word that differ only in their tones
« Shī Shì shí shī shǐ »Shíshì shīshì Shī Shì, shì shī, shì shí shí shī.Shì shíshí shì shì shì shī.Shí shí, shì shí shī shì shì.Shì shí, shì Shī Shì shì shì.Shì shì shì shí shī, shì shǐ shì, shǐ shì shí shī shìshì.Shì shí shì shí shī shī, shì shíshì.Shíshì shī, Shì shǐ shì shì shíshì.Shíshì shì, Shì shǐ shì shí shì shí shī.Shí shí, shǐ shí shì shí shī shī, shí shí shí shī shī.Shì shì shì shì.

24. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
Monosyllabic
Typically one morpheme = one syllable
No morphemes smaller than a syllable
Close to the isolating ideal
Vietnamese, Classical Chinese are the canons of the isolating type
Exception: Munda (polysynthetic)

25. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
Analytical
SVO, right branching (with the exception of Sinitic)
Mostly accusative alignment (but ergativity in Himalayan languages)

26. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
Areal feature: numeral classifiers (correlates with the optionality of the number category)
Standard Indonesian
dua ekor buaya ‘two crocodiles’
two TAIL crocodile
dua buah ekor buaya ‘two crocodile tails’
two FRUIT tail crocodile
Noun classes? Нbut Burmese:

27. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
“Languages without grammar”
Word order does not help to distinguish between different roles/grammatical relations
Word order mostly correlates with the information structure.
Given information (including NPs denoting participants which are already known) is normally omitted.
The pervasive role of the context and lexical information in distinguishing between different participants.
Пример: Bisang из УДД – but hidden grammatical complexity
Риау-индонезийский – ещё один язык без грамматики.

28. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
“Languages without grammar”
Lao
Enfield (The Oxford Handbook of Case)

29. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
“Languages without grammar”
No obligatory grammatical categories such as Number, Tense, etc. (grammatical markers are optional)
The same items may appear as full-fledged lexemes in some contexts and as grammatical markers in other contexts without overt traces of grammaticalization
In Khmer, the verb ‘give’ can be used as a marker of benefactive, causative or introduce an adverbial clause
Пример: Bisang из УДД

30. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
“Languages without grammar”
Parts-of-speech often appear in unexpected functions, but not like in the Philippines. Widespread conversion?
Пример: Bisang из УДД

31. China, Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) & beyond
“Languages without grammar”
Li, Thompson:
Topic-prominence: Subject is not as important for the grammar as Topic is.
Mandarin Chinese
Пример: Li, Thompson