Chapter 31 – Section 1 Post War Uncertainty

Post War Uncertainty The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity and new ideas.

A New Revolution in Science Impact of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity: Albert Einstein: offered radically new ideas in field of physics Theory of relativity: idea that space and time are not constant New ideas made world seem more uncertain than before

A New Revolution in Science Influence of Freudian Psychology: Sigmund Freud: Austrian doctor with new ideas about the mind Claims that human behavior is not based on reason

Literature in the 1920s Impact of the War: Suffering caused by WWI leads many to doubt old beliefs Thinkers React to Uncertainties: Philosophy of Existentialism: Searching for the meaning to life’s questions Friedrich Nietzsche urges return to ancient heroic values.

Existentialism Jean Paul Sartre Belief that there is no universal meaning to life. Perople create their own mean in life through their choices and actions; Friedrich Nietzsche, German Philosopher, was influenced by Existentialism; Western ideas like reason, democracy, and progress stifled creativity. He urged return to ancient heroic values – pride, assertiveness, and strength;

Twentieth-Century Literature 20th century authors began to write from the point to view of a single, confused individual or multiple individuals instead of the “all knowing” style of writers of the 19th century. Oswald Spengler Marcel Proust Franz Kafka T.S. Eliot Virginia Woolf James Joyce George Orwell William Faulkner

Twentieth Century Literature How does each piece reflect the “uncertainty of modern thought?” T.S. Eliot Virginia Woolf Oswald Spengler James Joyce

Literature in the 1920s Czech-born author, Franz Kafka, The Trial, (1925), The Castle, (1926) – people caught in threatening situations they cannot understand nor escape; James Joyce, Irish author, stream of consciousness novel, Ulysses (1922);

Revolution in the Arts Artists Rebel Against Tradition: Artists want to depict inner world of mind Cubism transforms natural shapes into geometric forms Surrealism = Art movement that links dreams with real life Composers Try New Styles: Composers move away from traditional styles Jazz = musical style that captures age’s new freedom

Cubism 1900’s – 1920’s Goals: To devalue previous art movements through a dramatic change To separate their art from the conventional understanding of perspective Picasso and Braque worked next to each other in the same studio during their cubist period with almost identical styles One of the most influential art movements of 20th century Along with this, viewpoint is important throughout all the different types of Cubism Abstract

Cubism Transformed natural shapes into geometric forms; Objects broken down into differnet parts with sharp angles and edges; Creator of Cubism; Pablo Picasso, Spanish Painter, Guernica; and Georges Braque, French painter, The Violin and the Candlestick;

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Considered greatest artist of 20th century Created more than 20,000 pieces of art Three phases of his career: Blue Period Rose Period Protocubism Some of his paintings take on a surrealist quality Left, Three Musicians, Pablo Picasso (1921) http://www.artquotes.net/masters/picasso/picasso_3musicians1921.jpg Born in Spain 1881 - child prodigy All three phases of his career occurred before he changed to cubism

Pablo Picasso’s Self-Portraits Left, Self-Portrait, Pablo Picasso (1899) (age 18) http://deokjin.ms.kr/jart/picasso/images/self2.jpg Middle, Self-Portrait, Pablo Picasso (1907) (age 26) http://www.artquotes.net/masters/picasso/picasso_selfport1907.jpg Right, Self-Portrait, Pablo Picasso (1972) (age 91) http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/visualarts/Image-Library/Picasso/picasso-self-portrait-1972.jpg Shows transformation of styles

Picasso Middle, Les Demoiselles de Avignon, Pablo Picasso (1907) http://www.eyeconart.net/history/cubism.htm Women in a brothel "first exorcism painting“ Picasso placing attention on the fear of sexual disease which was spreading through Paris Not traditional in composition - break away Picasso

Picasso and War (1937-1945) Guernica depicts the massacre after German planes bombed the city and 1,600 civilians on April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War Used symbolism and the monochromatic colors to represent the desolation after the tragedy Bottom, Guernica, Pablo Picasso (1937) http://www.eyeconart.net/history/cubism.htm The Spanish general Francisco Franco allowed the Nazis to bomb the city in return for military aid 16 miles surrounding the entire city were destroyed Picasso declared that he wanted this work to return to Spain when the tyrant Franco was out of power, as it did in the 1970s after Franco died The Museum of Modern Art, grudgingly returned one of it’s most famous paintings to Spain as a result of Picasso’s will

Surrealism 1920’s – 1950’s

Surrealism Surreal – means “beyond or above reality” Used unconscious part of their minds – had an eerie, dreamlike quality to depict objects in unrealistic ways; Movement that tried to link the world of dreams with real life – inspired by Freud’s ideas. Salvador Dali, Spanish painter, “The Persistence of Memory,” (1931);

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“The Persistence of Memory” Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) “The Persistence of Memory” Middle, The Persistence of Memory, Salvador Dali (1931) http://www.storybytes.com/images/a-dali/fullsize/persistence.jpg

Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) Middle, Sacrament of the Last Supper, Salvador Dali (1955) http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/rprestia/1301/images/IN520Dali%20LS.jpg Participated in The International Surrealist Exhibition and gave a speech in a scuba suit

Rene Magritte (1898-1967) Upper Left, The False Mirror, Rene Magritte (1928) http://www.moma.org/collection/provenance/items/images/133.36.jpg Lower Left, Betrayal of Images, Rene Magritte (1928-1929) Translation: “This Is Not A Pipe” http://www.vrc.iastate.edu/magritte.gif Right, The Son of Man, Rene Magritte (1964) http://imagesource2.art.com/images/-/--B10090968.jpeg

Music Classical Movement away from traditional styles; Russian Composer - Igor Stravinsky, “The Rite of Spring,”—irregular rhythms and dissonances; harsh combinations of sound; Austrian composer, Arnold Schoenberg – rejected traditional harmonies and musical scales;

Jazz Emerged from the United States, from most African American artists in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago. Lively, loose beat captured the new freedom of the age;

Jazz

New Orleans Jazz

Society Challenges Convention Women’s Roles Change Women take on new roles during WWI This work helps many win the right to vote In 1920: Women adopt freer clothing and hairstyle Some women seek new careers

Society Challenges Convention Change in Women’s Roles Women worked in men’s jobs and in war effort, and wanted the right to vote; Many countries granted women’s suffrage into law such as the US, Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Austria. Women abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles; shorter looser garments and short “bobbed” hair;

Women’s Changes in Fashion

Women’s Roles Change Women wore make up, drove cars, drank and smoked in public; Most women followed traditional paths of marriage and family; Women began to seek careers in medicine, education, journalism, and clerical fields;

Technological Advances Improve Life The Automobile Alters Society: Cars improve and become less expensive after the war Increased auto use changes people’s lives Airplanes Transform Travel: Charles Lindbergh is first to fly alone across the Atlantic

Technological Advances Improve Life Automobiles – after war were more affordable; people traveled for pleasure; People moved to suburbs and commuted to work in cities; Airplanes transform travel; International air travel; Charles Lindbergh – 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris – Spirit of St. Louis; Passenger airlines established during 1920s. Amelia Earhart, American – in 1932 was first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic;

Aviation Advances

Technological Advances Improve Life Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment 1920s: Commercial radio stations spread across the U.S. Motion pictures become major industry Seen as an art form

Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment Guglielmo Marconi – first successful experiments with radio in 1895; Radio developed mostly through World War I; By 1920 the first commercial radio station --- KDKA in Pittsburgh was broadcasting; Radio swept the nation and soon every major city had stations broadcasting news, plays and live sporting events; Soon most families would own a radio;

Radios

Hollywood Motion pictures began with Nickelodeons in working-class, immigrant neighborhoods; Movie makers were charged with corrupting the youth, movie makers tried to make their movies more respectable. Movie makers had to find a way to make their product more in line with the dominant culture of a more conservative middle class society. They did that and in doing that they would broaden the appeal and removing the movies;

Hollywood

Hollywood “Big Eight Movie Companies” Paramount studies was the first of the studios at this time. The “Big Eight” Paramount Fox MGM Universal Warner Brothers Columbia United Artists RKO

Movies Entertainment – Birth of a Nation The Great Dictator