The “New” Army The Post-1812 Reorganization Henry Dearborn 1812 – 1815 Jacob Brown 1815 – 1828 Alexander Mccomb

Organization and Military Policy

Army Organization President Secretary of WarCommanding General StaffLine

The Staff Adjutant and Inspector General qqqq(IG separate as of 1816) Quartermaster General Chief of Ordnance qqqq(abolished 1821, reestablished 1832) Paymaster General Commissary General of Purchases Surgeon General Apothecary General

The Line Infantry Regiments Rifle Regiment Corps of Artillery Light Artillery Regiment

The Line 8 Infantry Regiments Rifle Regiment 1818 Corps of Artillery Light Artillery Regiment

The Line 8 Infantry Regiments Rifle Regiment 1818 Corps of Artillery Light Artillery Regiment 4 Artillery Regts. 1821

The Line 8 Infantry Regiments 4 Artillery Regiments 1835, 1st Dragoons 1836, 2nd Dragoons 1846, Regiment of Mounted Rifles 1855, 9th and 10th Infantry, 1st and 2nd Cavalry

Heavy Cavalry

Light Cavalry

Dragoons

The Line Infantry Regiments 4 Artillery Regiments 5 Mounted Regiments – 1st and 2nd Dragoons – Mounted Rifles – 1st and 2nd Cavalry

How can the Army be economical and ready? Maintain a trained cadre of leaders. Reduce the number of soldiers. Regulars form the core of the Army in war. Regular regiments can be expanded

The “Expansible Army” c

United States Military Academy Founded 1803 – National Academy – Method of eliminating Federalist influence Ineffectual until c Sylvanis Thayer becomes Superintendent Scientific and technical education

United States Military Academy Order of Merit – Grades in every class, every day – Class standing determined each year Branch choice by class standing. Emphasis on math Only basic drill – No tactics or operational training

Weight given academic subjects at USMA Engineering, math, 53% 54% and science French, rhetoric, drawing, moral and 17% 20% political philosophy Tactics 14% 13% Conduct 14% 13%

Branches of the Officer Corps Corps of Engineers Topographic Engineers Ordnance Artillery Mounted units Infantry

A Typical Infantry Regiment Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major (Adjutant) (Quartermaster) Regimental Staff Captain 1st Lieutenant 2nd Lieutenant

Strength and Desertion Rates, StrengthDesertionsRate , % , % , % , % , % , % ,724 1,11520% ,495 1,25123% ,442 1,22523%

Reasons for desertion... “Intemperate and injudicious” conduct by officers. “Irregular payments.” “Bad provisions.” “Constant and excessive use of spirituous liquors.” BG Edmund Gaines, 1818

Army Ration 18 oz. flour 20 oz. beef, or 12 oz. pork 1 gill whiskey (4 oz. or ¼ of a pint.) 2, ,800 calories 27% protein 58% carbohydrates 15% fat

British Army Ration 24 oz. flour 16 oz. beef, or 8 oz. pork 1 gill (1/4 pint) peas 1 oz. cheese or butter 1 oz. rice

French Army Ration 24 oz. bread (18 oz. of biscuit) 8 oz. fresh meat or salt beef, or qqq6.5 oz. salt pork. 1 oz. rice 2 oz. dried peas or beans 2 gills of wine (8 oz.) 2 oz. brandy

Security Policy

United States, 1820

Border Treaties Convention of 1818 Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 Rush-Bagot Agreement Webster-Ashburton, 1842

Major Operations / Wars, , Jackson’s invasion of Florida (1st Seminole War) 1828, Nullification Crisis 1832, Black Hawk War , 2nd Seminole War , Texas Revolution , Canadian border troubles 1838, Indian Removal 1839, Aroostock War

United States, 1846

Mexican War, Texas wanted to be annexed. U.S. government wanted New Mexico and California. Mexico does not want to: – Recognize Texas independence or annexation, – Sell New Mexico and California

James K. Polk’s Platform, 1844 Annexation of Oregon Annexation of Texas Acquisition of New Mexico and California

“American blood has been shed on American soil !