Test Stats High Score: 24 (96%) –Paige Wallace (96%) –Isiah Brown (96%) –Nick Rodriguez (94%) 23.5 Low Score 7 (28%) Block 1 Average: 16.6 (66.4%) Block 4 Average: 16.2 (64.8%) Block 5 Average: 13.8 (55.2%) 1

Unit 3 2

A new perspective... Biology as Art.

4 What is Unit 3 all about?

5 The Cell

6 Levels of Organization Simplest to complex cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  ORGANISM!

7 The Cell

8 Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of life Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant Cell Bacterial Cell

9 Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular: composed of one cell Multicellular: composed of many cells

10 Prokaryotes lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Ex: bacteria Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Ex: plants, fungi, & animals Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

11 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles

12 Controls the normal activities of the cell Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes Control Organelle Nucleus

13 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell

14 Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Cell membrane Surrounding the Cell

15 Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Cytoplasm Cytoplasm of a Cell

16 Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm

17 The Cell

18 Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) - Canals for movement

19 Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Golgi Bodies - Wrap & export proteins

20 Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Ribosomes – Makes proteins

21 Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Mitochondria- Site of energy production

22 The cell as a factory… What parts of a factory can you think of that would correspond to the organelles in the cell?

The Cell As a Factory 23

24 Organelles & Their Functions

25 Controls the normal activities of the cell Contains chromosomes (DNA) Control Organelle Nucleus

26 Nucleolus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Inside nucleus Disappears when cell divides Makes ribosomes that make proteins

27 Ribosomes Make proteins

28 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum = canals for movement Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT

29 Golgi Bodies = shipping and packaging Stacks of flattened sacs Have a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle

30 Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)

31 A large central vacuole used for storage Contains “cell sap” = Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Storage Vacuole

32 Contains the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis Chloroplast Chloroplast

33 Rod shape Site of Cellular respiration Cell Powerhouse = Energy Mitochondrion ( mitochondria )

34 Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP Mitochondria

35 Non-living material which surrounds, protects, and supports plant cells Made of cellulose Cell wall In plant cells…

36 Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Made of fats and lipids “Semi-permeable” Cell membrane Surrounding the Cell

37 Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Cytoplasm Cytoplasm of a Cell

38 Plants & Animal Cells

39 Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells

40 Plant Cell Organelles Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid: protects and supports the cell Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell Cell wall

41 Contains the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast

42 A large central vacuole used for storage Contains “cell sap” = Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole

43 Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium

44 mitochondrion nucleus glycogen cell membrane cytoplasm Animal cells No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy Irregular in shape vacuole

45 Animal Cell Organelles Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide

46 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria

47 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Plant cellsAnimal cells Relatively larger in size Regular shape Cell wall present Relatively smaller in size Irregular shape No cell wall

48 Plant CellsAnimal cells Large central vacuole Starch as food storage Nucleus near cell wall Vacuole small or absent Glycogen as food storage Nucleus in the center Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells

Organelles vs. Organ Systems 49

50 Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular: composed of one cell ** Contains organelles Multicellular: composed of many cells ** Contains organ systems

51 Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)

52 Rod shape Site of Cellular respiration Mitochondria Mitochondrion ( mitochondria )

53 Ribosomes Make proteins

54 Golgi Bodies = shipping and packaging Stacks of flattened sacs Have a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle

55 Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Made of fats and lipids “Semi-permeable” Cell membrane

56 Non-living material which surrounds, protects, and supports plant cells Made of cellulose Cell wall Cell Wall

57 Controls the normal activities of the cell Contains chromosomes (DNA) Nucleus

58 Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs CytoplasmCytoplasm

59 Endoplasmic Reticulum = canals for movement Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT