Chapter 16 Section 1

Kinetic Theory – is the explanation of how particles in matter behave. Based on 3 assumptions – 1.All matter is composed of small particles.(atoms,molecules or ions)

2.These particles are in constant, random motion. 3.These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of the container.

Solid State- definite shape and volume Particles are held tightly in place by attraction forces Particles vibrate in place due to thermal energy( kinetic energy and potential energy)

Particles are arranged in geometric pattern. When the temperature of the substance is lowered, the particles will have less thermal energy and will vibrate more slowly. Absolute zero 0 K or – o C is the theoretical temperature at particles would stop vibrating.

Liquid State- Particle move more freely than in a solid Particles have enough kinetic energy to slip out of the ordered arrangement of solid

Particles can slide past each other, allowing liquids to flow and take the shape of their container. Liquid have definite volume because particles have not completely overcome the attractive forces between them.

Gas State- the particles are moving faster and far apart from each other. there is no attractive forces between the particles Gases do not have a definite volume or shape.

Vaporization – when liquid state changes to vapor (gas). It take place in two ways- Evaporation and boiling.

Difference between evaporation and boiling- Evaporation is when particles of the liquid escape from the surface at any temperature. While boiling occurs through out the liquid at a specific temperature (boiling point) depending on the pressure on the surface of the liquid.

Diffusion- spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed.

Plasma State- is matter consisting of positive and negative charged particles. The number of positive charges equal the negative charges thus doesn't have overall charge.

most abundant state in universe found in very high temperatures- lightning bolts, sun and stars,neon and fluorescent tubes.

The strange Behavior of Water- normally, substances expand as the temperature rises, or vice versa, but water is exception to this rule. Water expands when it cools instead of contraction. This is because the “+” and “ –” regions on water molecule interact to create empty spaces in crystal lattice.

Amorphous solids and Liquid crystals are two classes of substances that behave differently from others when they change states.

Amorphous solids- They don't have specific melting or boiling point. They lack the highly ordered structure found in crystals. The particles are typically long, chainlike structures that can get jumbled and twisted.

Liquid crystals- Liquid crystals will retain their geometric order (as present in normal solid) in specific directions. They flow like normal liquid but do not lose they ordered arrangement completely. Used in LCD displays of watches, clocks, TV and calculators.