STRESS & ADAPTATION
Stress: is a condition in which the human system responds to changes in its normal balanced state. Stressor: is any thing that is perceived as challenging, threatening or demanding. Adaptation: is the change that takes place as a result of the response to a stressor. Homeostasis: various physiologic mechanisms within the body respond to internal changes to maintain a relative constancy in the internal environment.
Sources of stressors Internal e.g. illness, abnormal change, or fear External e.g. noise, cold environment, death, move
Physiologic Homeostasis Local Adaptation System (LAS) — involves only one specific body part –Reflex pain response –Inflammatory response General Adaptation Syndrome — biochemical model of stress (Hans Selye) –Alarm reaction –Resistance –Exhaustion
Alarm Reaction Person perceives stressor, defense mechanisms activated Fight-or-flight response Hormone levels rise, body prepares to react Shock and counter-shock phases (1 min - 24 hrs)
Resistance Body attempts to adapt to stressor. Vital signs, hormone levels, and energy production return to normal. Body regains homeostasis or adaptive mechanisms fail.
Exhaustion Results when adaptive mechanisms are exhausted Body either rests and mobilizes it’s defenses to return to normal or dies
Physiological responses to stress Increases heart rate Increases respiration Increased blood pressure Dilated pupils Muscle tension Headache
Emotional Responses to Stress Depression Anger Anxiety (most common) –Mild –Moderate –Severe –Panic
Coping Mechanisms Crying, laughing, sleeping, cursing Physical activity, exercise Smoking, drinking Lack of eye contact, withdrawal Limiting relationships to those with similar values and interests
Factors Affecting Stress and Adaptation Sources of stress Types of stressors experienced Personal factors
Categories of Stress Developmental stress –Occurs when person progresses through stages of growth and development –E.g. Situational stress –Does not occur in predictable patterns –E.g.
Types of Stressors Physiological –Chemical agents, physical agents, infectious agents, nutritional imbalances, hypoxia, genetic or immune disorders Psychosocial –Includes real and perceived threats
Stress Management Techniques Relaxation Meditation Anticipatory guidance Guided imagery Biofeedback Crisis intervention
Crisis Intervention Crisis: is a disturbance caused by a precipitating event such as a perceived loss, a threat of loss, or a challenge, that is perceived as a threat to self. Crisis Intervention –Identify the problem –List alternatives –Choose from alternatives –Implement the plan –Evaluate the outcome