DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com Replication Cell Division

Griffith “F” for failing to find genetic material! He found He found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”

Avery Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA; the factor that causes transformation

Rosalind Franklin You may see this picture on the SOL!

Watson & Crick Double Helix DNA Model

Hershey & Chase Bacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and replication. Real Picture of a Bacteriophage DNA

CHARGAFF Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!

Hint: You “Pee Urine” (Purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house Out- house House Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

What is the shape of the DNA molecule called? DOUBLE HELIX 2 sides like a ladder

DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins from amino acids

Deoxyribose What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?

What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? Cytoplasm

What are the specific structures that carry the genetic code found in the nucleus? Chromosomes

Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide (building block = monomer)

Must have 2 identical strands of DNA Cell Division! Why is DNA Replication important?

1.DNA unzips (opens up) 2.DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to the DNA and adds complimentary bases (A,T,C,G) to make new sides of DNA 3.Two identical strands of DNA are created (S phase of cell cycle) tch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU&list=PL C1D3513D Hyperlink to video if access to internet

C G G T A T G A T Original strand l l l l l l l l l G C C A T A C T A New strand Complimentary Bases Hydrogen Bonds

Histone – Protein that DNA coils around

List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences MUST KNOW THIS! DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar - Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose SugarRibose Sugar Thymine base Uracil base Double HelixSingle Strand

Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab Why did we use… 1.Soap: Breaks down lipid cell and nuclear membranes 2.Salt: Neutralizes + and - charges 3.Meat tenderizer: Breaks down the protein (Histones) that DNA wraps around 4.Cold alcohol: Precipitates out DNA

RNA Uracil base Hint: RNA loves “U”

mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins out of DNA to ribosome (like a recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (like a sous chef bringing ingredients to chef) rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (like the chef) mRNA rRNA tRNA

What does RNA stand for ? Ribonucleic Acid

What is the purpose of RNA? To make PROTEINS!!! RNA

Where is RNA found? CYTOPLASM

What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called? PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA → RNA is called… “TRANSCRIPTION” 1.In the NUCLEUS, DNA unzips 2.RNA Polymerase binds to DNA 3.RNA Polymerase reads DNA’s nitrogen bases and makes and edits mRNA 4.mRNA goes out to cytoplasm through the pores

Bad – get rid of it! Good - keep!

RNA → Protein is called… “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer) 1.In the CYTOPLASM, rRNA attaches to mRNA 2.rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon” 3.Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon 4.Amino acids join to form polypeptide (amino acid) chain which is PROTEIN

Codon What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

Anti-codon What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

How many amino acids are there? 20 How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64 Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome 1 codon = 1 amino acid 3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon

Gene Mutation = C hange in nucleotide sequence

What kind of DNA mutations are these? GENE MUTATIONS Name each type Substitution (Point Mutation) Insertion (Frame shift) Deletion (Frame shift) Substitution Point Mutation Insertion Frame shift Mutation Deletion Frame shift Mutation

Types of Chromosomal Mutations

Substitution = Point Mutation (gene) Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation I bet he can catch 3x more flies! Haha

What genes control the basic plan for where tissues and organs go in an embryo (organism)? HOX GENES