Effect of mycotoxins in the nutrition of farm animals secondary metabolites of fungi fungi start to produce them under stress conditions some of them are produced on the field (fusarium toxins), others during the storage (ochratoxin) not only mycotoxins are harmful, but also their metabolites, produced in their digestion and metabolism in the animals They have an influence : on the health and immune system of the animals on the cell metabolism, the reproduction processes, the function of liver and kidney, the production traits. They also mean a potential food safety risk

Aflatoxin Producing: –Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus Effects: –binds to the DNA and protein of the cells, –cause mutation, cancer, cell toxicity –the liver is damaged first time The most important metabolite is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The most dangerous toxin for both human and animals (excreted also in the milk) Produced mostly under warm temperature conditions Potential sources groundnut, soybean, corn

Ochratoxin Producing: –Aspergillus alutaceus, Penicillium verrucosum Effects: –inhibits the protein synthesis (PHE - tRNS) –increase the lipid peroxidation –decrease the cell respiration, gluconeogenezis, the ATP level of the cells –damages mostly the kidney The more frequently produced metabolite is ochratoxin A (OTA). Produced in the storage period Can be found also in animal products (egg, meat, liver), potential food safety risk factor

Zearalenon (ZON), F-2 toxin Producing: –fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. moniliforme) Effects: –oestrogenic effect –increase the plasma oestrogen level, causing dysfunction in reproduction –increase the lipid peroxidation –bleedings in the liver Poultry species are resistant to ZON, but causing serious reproduction problems in pigs, beef and horse.

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) Producing: –Fusarium species Effects: –inhibiting the protein synthesis and cell proliferation –damages the liver fat metabolism –decrease the success of vaccination –stimulates the synthesis of B-limphocytes. Pigs refuse to eat DON contaminated diets, In horses it decreasing the plasma immunoglobulin level In cows decrease the milk production and milk fat. Poultry species are not so sensitive for DON

T-2 toxin Producing: –Fusarium species One of the most harmful toxins Effects: –decrease protein synthesis and cell proliferation –producing lesions around the mouth –animals refusing food intake –poor feather production –worse egg shell strength –increase the lipidperoxidation in the liver –increase the death rate after infections –decrease milk fat

Fumonisins Producing: –Fusarium species (Fusarium moliniformin) Effects: –increase the weight, but decrease the fat content of liver –impaired function of the immune system The most common form is fumonisin B1 (FB1), Can be found mostly in corn Decreasing milk production in ruminants, damages the liver Horses are especially sensitive for this toxin (softening of the brain, giddiness, lameness).

Interaction among different toxins Mostly more mycotoxins can be found at the same time. Their interaction depends: –on the type of toxin –on their concentration –on the investigated parameter The interaction of OTA, FB 1 and DON are additive on the weight gain, but it is synergetic on the plasma asparatic acid aminotransferase enzyme.

Food safety aspects According to the investigations of Institute of International Cancer Research: –carcinogenic: AFB1 –potential carcinogenic: OTA –probably not carcinogenic: ZON, FB1, T-2 –not enough information: DON, NIV Some of them are metabolised already in the enterocytes of the intestine. Therefore their metabolites are also important (ZON α-ZOL, β-ZOL, AFB 1 AFM 1 ) Absorbed quickly, after 6 hours reach their highest concentration in the blood.

Food safety aspects The half-life time of ZON is the longest (12-28 hours), therefore it can be found in the egg and liver) 4-5 mg/kg of DON was not detectable from the tissues 30 mg/kg of FB 1 detectable also from the kidney, liver and egg. Small concentration of OTA and T-2 toxins were found in eggs and other animal tissues

Chances to feed toxin contaminated feedstuffs Possibilities: –dilution with toxin free feedstuffs –feeding with not so sensitive animal species and adults (beef cattle – milking cow; pig – poultry) – using toxin binders Toxin binders: –a bentonit, a zeolit, sodium-kalcium-aluminium- hydrosilicates, glukomannans, binders containing enzymes can be used efficiently (60-90%) against AFB 1 –Their affinity for fusarium toxins (ZON, DON, T-2) is however, poor (10-60%) –They also bind some other bioactive substances (vitamins, amino acids, minerals etc.)

Effects of feeding mycotoxin contaminated diets and different toxin binders on the weight gain of broiler chicks cockerel pullet

The weight of bursa fabricii (g) cockerelpullet