Self- Determinism  1914  Germany and Austria-Hungary= Central Powers  Britain, France and Russia= Allied Powers Nationalism Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

 Central Powers › Germany › Austria-Hungary  Allied Powers › France › Britain › Russia

 Remained NEUTRAL for 3 years  President Wilson- “We must be impartial in thought as well as in action”  Most Americans did take sides › German and Irish Americans sided with Germans › Many others sided with the British, including Wilson’s cabinet members

 Boom- › Bankers lending $$ to Allies  Forced trade exclusively with Allies › British blockade ended trade with Germany › British controlled shipping lanes across the Atlantic

Blockade of German supply ships led to..  Germany using U-boats  Germany announced they would sink ships, without warning, found in the water near Britain › Included merchant ships and other civilian ships › Unable to determine neutral from non- neutral

 America will continue to be neutral  America will continue to trade with Britain  Germany will be held accountable for any attacks on American citizens

 British passenger ship sunk near Ireland by a German U-boat  May 7, 1915  1,200 died Americans  Americans were divided over the issue of war with Germany  Germany continued attacking ships

 French passenger ship attacked in March 1916  Wilson demanded Germany provide warning before attacking merchant and passenger ships or the US would end diplomatic relations  Germany agreed providing the US agreed to their pledge amendment

 The US would be responsible for persuading the Allies to modify their blockade  Wilson agreed to the pledge but acknowledged the “add-on” was impossible

 T. Roosevelt refused to accept the nomination for the Bull Moose Party- to avoid splitting the votes again  Republican Party = Charles Hughes  Democratic Party = Woodrow Wilson  Wilson wins by a small margin

 January 22, 1917  Germany calls for “unrestricted submarine warfare in the war zone”  US breaks diplomatic ties with Germany  Wilson requests the authority to arm American merchant ships

 German, Arthur Zimmerman sent a letter to Mexico proposing a German-Mexican alliance  Zimmerman offered Mexico American land in exchange for their help  The letter was intercepted and published in March 1917

 “overt” attacks on American vessels  Wilson asked Congress to declare on April 2, 1917  “to make the world safe for democracy”  Reasons: › Attacks on civilians › Germany’s brutality › Zimmerman note

 Moral leader of the Allies  14 Points address to Congress  Outlined goals  Read pgs (only “Wilson’s Points”) and take notes on the various points

 George Creel  Committee on Public Information (CPI)  Use various forms of propaganda to sell the war to Americans › “four minute men” › Posters, pamphlets and brochures › Music (“Over There”) › Movies – anti-German

 Anti-German sentiment in the US- feared they were German spies  Espionage Act-1917 & Sedition Act › Prohibited anyone from making “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the US govt. Allowed for the imprisonment of up to 20 yrs for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operation of the draft. › Led to the prosecution of 2,000+ people including Socialist Eugene Debs and IWW leader Bill Haywood

 Read the information about the case and answer questions 1-5 on a separate sheet of paper.  You may complete this assignment outdoors

 upheld constitutionality of infringing on 1 st Amendment rights in times of “clear and present danger”

 Bernard Baruch  Federal government takes a “central role in economic planning” during wartime  Industry (factories) changed over to war preparations  Issued production quotas and set prices  Took over the RR  Required nation to observe daylight savings to save fuel (extend daylight hrs)

 Worked to prevent strikes during the war  Unemployed men were drafted into the war  Concessions were granted for laborers to include: shorter workdays and higher wages

 Migrations to northern cities to take industrial jobs  Took jobs as strikebreakers  Appearance in cities led to race riots › St. Louis Race Riot › Chicago Race Riot- 1919

 Joined workforce while men fought abroad  Army nurses worked on the frontlines  Most women left their jobs post-war  Expansion of the right to vote to northern and eastern states led to the 19 Amendment in 1920 › Women’s suffrage

 Herbert C. Hoover  Voluntary compliance through propaganda  Wheatless Wednesdays and Meatless Tuesdays  “Victory gardens”  Restrictions on the use of foodstuffs for making alcohol › Many German brewers › Led to prohibition (18 th Amendment, 1918)

 Save fuel and help war cause  “Heatless Mondays”  “Lightless nights”  “gasless Sundays”

 War bonds were sold to raise $$ for the war effort  Posters and billboards were used to advertise  Sold during the beginning of movies

 Draft Act required men ages to register  You could not… › Hire a substitute › Pay to be exempt  Exemptions were given to men employed in specialized industries  Women and African Americans were accepted into segregated& specialized units

 Kaiser is forced to flee from Germany before Allies would negotiate with them  Major contributions of Americans: › Food › Munitions › Oil › Manpower

 Big Four › United States- Woodrow Wilson › Italy- Vittorio Orlando › Britain- David Lloyd George › France- Georges Clemenceau  January 1919  Wilson wanted a League of Nations and to prevent “vengeful” actions

 Demands for war reparations  Germans expected peace and reconciliation, not vengeance  Wilson compromised away most of his 14 Points to save the League of Nations

 Wilson brought the treaty home to protest from Republicans and isolationists  Immigrant groups were upset about the terms set for their native countries  Senator Lodge delayed the vote on the treaty  Wilson led a Presidential tour across the nation to talk about the League of Nation

 Campaign led to Wilson’s collapse and stroke  Some members of Congress wanted to reserve the right to declare war for themselves  They did not want to be pulled into to war by another member of the League  Deadlock = death of treaty **Most Senators actually approved of treaty