STEMS

LEAF ARRANGEMENT ALTERNATE

LEAF ARRANGEMENT OPPOSITE

LEAF ARRANGEMENT WHORLED

REGIONS NODE WHERE LEAF OR STEM ATTACHES INTERNODE SPACE BETWEEN NODES AXIL WHERE LEAF PETIOLE AND STEM MEET PETIOLE IS A LEAF STEM

BUDS BUD DEVELOPMENT OF LEAF OR BRANCH BUD SCALES PROTECT LIVE TISSUE SOME BUD’S ARE NAKED

BUDS BUD SCALES PROTECT LIVE TISSUE APICAL MERISTEM LEAF PRIMORDIA SOME BUD’S ARE NAKED

BUDS LEAF SCARS DECIDUOUS SCAR LEFT AFTER LEAF DROP

BUDS TERMINAL BUD END OF BRANCH APICAL MERISTEM BRANCH GROWS LONGER GROWING POINT, OR MERISTEM HOW DOES A TREE GROW?

FIG. 6.1

BUDS AXILLARY BUD BRANCHES, FLOWERS OR LEAVES

BUDS LEAF PRIMORDIA TIP OF EACH BRANCH APICAL MERISTEM PROTECTED BY BUD SCALES TINY EMBRYONIC LEAVES DEVELOP INTO MATURE LEAVES

DEVELOPMENT OF STEM 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS DEVELOP FROM BUD PROTODERM ALSO KNOWN AS THE EPIDERMIS ONE CELL THICK COATED WITH WAXY LAYER CUTICLE

DEVELOPMENT OF STEM 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS DEVELOP FROM BUD PROCAMBIUM PRODUCES PRIMARY XYLEM AND PRIMARY PHLOEM FORM VASCULAR BUNDLES

DEVELOPMENT OF STEM 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS DEVELOP FROM BUD GROUND MERISTEM FOOD STORAGE

DEVELOPMENT OF STEM 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS DEVELOP FROM BUD GROUND MERISTEM PRODUCES 2 TYPES OF TISSUE CORTEX OUTER PORTION OF STEM

DEVELOPMENT OF STEM 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS DEVELOP FROM BUD GROUND MERISTEM PRODUCES 2 TYPES OF TISSUE PITH CENTER OF STEM LARGER CELLS THAT CAN BREAK DOWN CAN BECOME HOLLOW

STELE THE CORE OF THE STEM PRIMARY XYLEM PRIMARY PHLOEM PITH

PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY ANNUAL PLANTS ONLY PRODUCE PRIMARY CAMBIUM PERENNIAL PLANTS PRODUCE SECONDARY CAMBIUM WOODY PLANTS

DICOTS DICOTYLEDONOUS DICOT TWO LEAVES EMERGE FROM SEED COTYLEDONS NOT TRUE LEAVES

DICOTS HERBACEOUS DICOTS ANNUAL DICOTS SOFT TISSUE GERMINATE AND DIE IN ONE SEASON WOODY DICOTS PERENNIAL DICOTS HARD (WOODY) TISSUE LIVE MULTIPLE SEASONS

DICOTS HERBACEOUS DICOTS ONLY CONTAIN VASCULAR BUNDLES PRIMARY XYLEM PRIMARY PHLOEM

WOODY PERENNIAL DICOTS PROCAMBIUM GIVES RISE TO VASCULAR CAMBIUM SECONDARY XYLEM SECONDARY PHLOEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM

SECONDARY XYLEM CELLS PRODUCED INSIDE CAMBIUM TOWARD CENTER OF STEM TRANSPORTS WATER AND NUTRIENTS UP THE PLANT SECONDARY XYLEM

SECONDARY XYLEM EVENTUALLY BECOMES WOOD AS CELLS BECOME INACTIVE, THEY BECOME STRUCTURAL

SPRING WOOD ACTIVE GROWTH PRODUCES LARGE XYLEM CELLS LIGHTER COLORED BAND

SUMMER WOOD SMALLER AND FEWER XYLEM CELLS DARKER BAND

GROWTH RINGS THE ALTERNATION OF SPRING AND SUMMER GROWTH BANDS FIRE, DROUGHT, AND OTHER EVENTS INCREMENT BORER TO READ RINGS

VASCULAR RAYS PARENCHYMA CELLS RADIATE FROM THE PITH LATERAL TRANSPORT OF WATER AND NUTRIENTS

HEARTWOOD VERSUS SAPWOOD HEARTWOOD INACTIVE XYLEM CELLS ACCUMULATION OF RESINS, GUMS, AND TANNINS DARKER COLOR OF WOOD SAPWOOD ACTIVE XYLEM (NEAR CAMBIUM) LIGHTER COLOR WOOD

HEARTWOOD VERSUS SAPWOOD HEARTWOOD CAN ROT BUT TREE CAN STILL FUNCTION PORTION OF HEARTWOOD AND SAPWOOD CAN BE REMOVED

SECONDARY PHLOEM SECONDARY PHLOEM CELLS PRODUCED OUTSIDE OF CAMBIUM UNDER BARK TRANSPORTS FOOD FROM PHOTOSYNTHESIS UP AND DOWN TO THE PLANT

GIRDLING PHLOEM PHLOEM NEAREST CAMBIUM TRANSPORT THE MOST SUGARS CAMBIUM STRIPPED FROM GRAPEVINES TO TRAP SUGARS

CORK CAMBIUM OUTER BARK OF WOODY PLANTS DEVELOPED FROM EPIDERMIS CORK CELLS ALSO CALLED PHELLOGEN IMPREGNATED WITH SUBERIN WAXY SUBSTANCE

CORK CAMBIUM LENTICELS ARE OPENINGS ALONG STEM GAS EXCHANGE

LATICIFERS SPECIALIZED CELLS MOST COMMON IN PHLOEM 20 FAMILIES OF TREES TRANSPORT LATEX THICK FLUID MOST COMMONLY WHITE THOUGHT TO HELP SEAL WOUNDS RUBBER, CHEWING GUM, AND HEROIN (POPPIES)

MONOCOTS HERBACEOUS, GRASSY PLANTS ALWAYS NON-WOODY ONE COTYLEDON AT GERMINATION

MONOCOTS VASCULAR BUNDLES THROUGHOUT STEM XYLEM FACING CENTER PHLOEM FACING OUT

MONOCOTS NO TREE RINGS PALM TREES DO NOT SEAL WOUNDS

SPECIALIZED STEMS RHIZOMES HORIZONTAL GROWTH BELOW GROUND

SPECIALIZED STEMS RUNNERS AND STOLONS HORTIZONTAL GROWTH ABOVE GROUND

SPECIALIZED STEMS TUBERS SEVERAL INTERNODES AT THE TIPS OF STOLONS SWELL “EYES” DEVELOP A NEW PLANT

SPECIALIZED STEMS BULBS LARGE BUDS SURROUNDED BY FLESHY LEAVES

SPECIALIZED STEMS CORMS SIMILAR TO BULBS BUT COMPOSED ENTIRELY OF STEM TISSUE

SPECIALIZED STEMS THORNS MODIFIED STEM HONEYLOCUST

SPECIALIZED STEMS SPINES MODIFIED STIPULES BLACK LOCUST

SPECIALIZED STEMS TENDRILS VINE EXTENSIONS THAT WRAP OR STICK TO OBJECTS