PART SEVEN Fish Resource Management

Introduction About 80% of fish harvested come from oceans. Why is this obvious? Most of the world’s water is ocean!

Introduction There are 4 major fishing regions: –N–North east Atlantic (England/Norway); –S–South east Pacific (Western South America) –N–North west Pacific (Japan) –W–West central Pacific (China/Indonesia)

Most fishing grounds are found on continental shelves, WHY? The shallow waters of the shelves make harvesting more cost effective. Closer to shore = lower costs = fished most profitably.

Plankton is the base of the marine food web. Plankton is more abundant in the shallow water of the continental shelf because: enough light penetrates for phytoplankton growth {photosynthesis to occur} effective circulation of nutrients. {currents stir up the nutrients settled on the ocean floor and circulate them upwards towards the phytoplankton} Most fishing grounds are found on continental shelves, WHY?

Trends in Fish Catches What trend(s) do you notice? Usually when one fish species declines, fishers increase harvesting of another species. Ex: Decrease in cod caused an Increase in harvesting shell fish (crab, lobster, shrimp, even mussels etc..)

Pollution & Fisheries Management There are a number of issues related to the fishery that require management. Pollution and conservation of fish stocks TOP the list.

Major Sources of Ocean Pollution 1. Oil Many devastating spills! Hundreds of millions of gallons of oil QUIETLY end up in the seas every year, mostly from non-accidental sources.

Major Sources of Ocean Pollution 2. Toxic Material Industrial, agricultural, household cleaners, gardening, and automotive products regularly end up in water. EX: TBT, or tributyl tin, is added to boat paints to kill or repel barnacles and other troubling organisms that soil ships' hulls.

Major Sources of Ocean Pollution 3. Dangerous Debris TRASH, particularly plastics, end up in the sea, they pose hazards to marine life. Animals drown or strangle from getting tangled in discarded or lost fishing gear (GHOST NETS!) suffer and even die from eating plastics and other garbage.

Major Sources of Ocean Pollution 4. Deposits & Withdrawals Humans have used oceans as vast dumps for domestic, municipal, and industrial garbage for thousands of years. (Deposits) The enormous deep-sea resources (oil & minerals etc.) will undoubtedly attract more miners in the future (easy- to-reach deposits on land become depleted.) (Withdrawals)

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Impact of New Technology on the Ocean Environment (Pg. 206) Factory freezer Trawlers have likely had the most significant and negative impact.

The reasons for this include: Highly efficient at catching fish, but greatly reduces the population & reproduction. Technology such as large diesel engines, echo sounding equipment, onboard freezers, and GPS navigation contribute to their efficiency. Destruction of the ocean floor by trawls/draggers eliminates good spawning locations for fish.

It also disperses eggs, making fertilization more difficult. By-catch is often discarded. Some regulations require ships to return with low levels of by catch. Go further, stay longer & catch more….pressure on the stock. The reasons for this include:

Sustainable Fishery Definition: Using a resources such as the ocean species in a way that will ensure they: –will not become extinct, –will be protected and increase –for the benefit of future generations.

Strategies for a Sustainable Fishery Have knowledge about sustaining the fishery. People need to understand the long-term well-being of the resource. Human attitudes must change. Decrease consumption AND world’s population!!!!! Extend legal jurisdictions. (for controlling - to Canada) Try to prevent foreign fishing. Others…. Technology, catch methods, pollution, aquaculture etc…

Aquaculture It is also known as fish farming and involves the raising of marine life in a controlled environment. Hence, this activity breeds and raises fish in tanks, ponds, and reservoirs. Since the fish are fed regularly and are safe from natural predators, they mature rapidly and successfully.

Fish Resource & Fishers’ Livelihood  The declining fish resources may have a variety of affects on fishers. Some of those include: Fishers may concentrate more on conservation. Fishers and their community will have to diversify: –develop aquaculture (ex. Bay D'Espoir) –golf course construction (ex. Frenchman’s cove) –sea weed aquaculture (ex. Isle aux Morts) –eco-tourism (ex. Northern Peninsula) –catch underutilized/alternate species.

Fishers and their community will have to diversify: - catch underutilized/alternate species. Recent Investments in the Fishery $60 million in shrimp processing facilities $3 million in seal tanning plants $1.2 million in processing capacity for new species such as whelk and sea urchins $8-10 million upgrading and modernization of the crab processing sector $50 million upgrading and modernization of fishing vessels

Fishers and their community will have to diversify: - catch underutilized/alternate species. Groundfish include turbot, lumpfish roe, halibut, flounder, redfish, monkfish and skate. Shellfish species includes snow crab, shrimp, scallops, surf clam, and lobster Pelagic species include capelin, herring, tuna, mackerel, salmon, eels, shark and char.

Monkfish!!

Lumpfish - Roe

Eels

Fishers and their community will have to diversify: - develop aquaculture (ex. Bay D'Espoir)

Fishers and their community will have to diversify: - Golf course construction (ex. Frenchman’s Cove, Burin Pen.)Golf course construction

Fishers and their community will have to diversify: - eco-tourism (ex. Northern Peninsula)

CASE STUDY Read the case study "Empty Seas" p Complete the questions #16-19 p. 212 Hand in when completed (loose leaf). Keep in mind; you will not be required to memorize the answers to these questions but you will be asked about other fishing situations and be asked to analyze them.