1. World Geography 3202

2. Unit 4: Primary Resource Activities

3. Chapter 10
4.6 Students will be expected to analyze trends in the utilization of forest resources

4. What is Forestry? Harvesting?
Forestry is the science of harvesting, planting and tending of trees, primarily in managed forests
Harvesting refers to methods used to cut and remove trees from the forest

5. Harvesting Timber: Clear Cutting, Strip Cutting & Selective Cutting
Clear cutting is a form of forest harvesting that removes all trees from an area.  Marketable trees and undesired trees alike are cleared and the land is left uncovered. Most intensive
Strip cutting is actually a variation on clear cutting where strips of forest are left between the clear cut areas. 

6. Clear Cutting

7. Strip Cutting

8. Selective cutting is a form of forest harvesting that removes only the desired trees and leaves the other trees in place.  Immature trees, undesired species and underbrush are all left intact.  Least intensive

9. Selective Cutting

10. Advantages and Disadvantages
There have been raging debates over the type of cutting that should occur in the forest industry.
Clear cutting has the advantage of being economical. Simple and easy to plan. Land is vulnerable to erosion.
Selective cutting has the advantage of leaving the ecosystem intact. May not regenerate quickly. Vulnerable to more damage from storms and ice 
 The advantage of strip cutting is that the seeds of trees left uncut fall into the strips that have been cut. More costly in terms of planning and administration

11. What does the Forest Provide? Why are Forests so Valuable?
The forest provides much for nature and humanity.
Valuable because it provides:
Biodiversity
Habitats for animals
Food for animals
Air purification
Water retention
Building materials
Recreation
Home heat
Paper

12. Deforestation: Threats to Forests
Deforestation is the process of converting forested land to other uses
For many decades we have used the forest without regard for the sustainability of forests.
Will coming generations have a forest to rely on?  Are we allowing deforestation to occur at a rate faster than it can replace itself?

13. Global Deforestation Reasons for Deforestations?
Some reasons for extensive deforestation include:
expanding needs in agriculture
urbanization
mining operations
hydroelectric operations

14. Global: Deforestation
Examples:
In Africa, forests are being cleared to make room for subsistence farming to support the growing population.
Latin America has cleared forests for major hydroelectric projects to provide stable electrical supplies to an increasing number of people.
Large scale cattle ranches and urbanization have also been the cause of deforestation in Latin America.
Asia's growing population means that more forest is cleared for housing and for agricultural land to feed the people.

15. Trends in Deforestation
Review pp
Look at Figure 10.2, Rates of Deforestation

16. What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development involves using enough resources to satisfy current human wants and needs. Yet preserving enough of the resource for future use

17. Sustainable Forestry
Sustainable Forestry is simple and complex.  The basic idea is simple.  If we cut trees faster than they grow back, we will run out of trees.
However, as the world's population increases so does the demand for forestry products and so does the demand for forestry land to be converted to housing, mining, and hydro-electricity projects.
In the past we have looked at the forest as an endless resource.  Now we realize we must manage the forest for the forestry industry and many other things.  Biodiversity, hunting, hiking, camping, habitat protection and many other things are all considerations.

18. Ways to Slow Deforestation/Sustain our Forests…
If we look at sustainable forestry from a "Systems Model" perspective we can see that we have three options to sustain our forests:
1. Inputs: Improve what we input into forestry (replanting & seedlings)
2. Processes: Improve processes like:
road construction
harvesting techniques
environmental protection actions
reducing losses (use all of the tree)
3. Outputs: Reduce the need of output product (recycle or use alternate building materials)

19. Distribution of the World’s Forests
Continent
% Forest Cover
North America
32.2%
South America
51.8%
Europe
33.4%
Africa
23.2%
Asia
20.2%
Australia
23.5%

20. Distribution of the World’s Forests
1/3 of the earth’s land mass is covered by forests
The type of forest that grows reflects the regions unique environmental characteristics!
Equatorial Regions:
- with hot, moist climate produces evergreen, broadleaf trees, such as teak and mahogany.
- these forests feature a multilayered canopy top that prevents much sunlight from penetrating lower forest layers and the forest floor.
- as a result, ground vegetation is sparse and roots are shallow

21. Temperate Regions:
- with cool and moist climates, produce deciduous trees. Examples include oak, maple, and birch
- these trees are leafless during the winter months. Losing their leaves is an adaptation to prevent water loss

22. Colder Regions:
- with short growing seasons, grow coniferous evergreen, or needle-leaf trees. Examples include pine, spruce and fir.
- the needle leaves reduce water loss and the flexible branches allow these trees to shed snow

23. Facts about Forest Growth
Precipitation
Forests require a large amount of water.  Consequently, one of the greatest factors that determine whether a forest will grow in a region is the amount of precipitation.
Equatorial areas with high rainfall have tropical rain forests.  Tropical areas that have intermittent rainfall have savannahs because there is not enough water to support trees and a forest. 

24. Seasons
Temperate regions of the world often have deciduous trees to help them deal with the lack of water in winter.  Some regions have dry seasons and they have deciduous trees even though it does not get "cold." 
The type of trees and forest present in a region is determined by the climate.  Trees have adapted to climate just as animals have.  The needle leaf trees of the coniferous forests are adapted to deal with winter and the lack of water. 

25. Diversity
Colder regions tend to have less biodiversity while tropical regions tend to have greater biodiversity.  The same is true of trees.  Tropical forests tend to be a blend of many different species, while coniferous forests tend to be "pure stands" of one type of tree.

26. What is a Pure Stand?
Pure Stands: When a single tree species dominates an area
Caused by coming together of unique characteristics (elevation, slope, drainage) that promote growth of a single dominant species. Can be either broadleaf or needle

27. Chapter 12
Food from the oceans

28. Fisheries
Major World Fish Stocks Simply put the worlds fish stocks are located almost exclusively on the continental shelves. Figure 12.3 indicates that about 80% of fish harvested come from oceans. Why is this obvious? Most of the world’s water is ocean therefore it would be expected that fresh water would only contain a small portion of the world’s fish.

29. Figure 12.7 on page 202 might be a bit of a surprise to us Newfoundland and Labradoreans. It shows the world regions by tones of fish caught.  There seem to be four major fishing regions, globally speaking and eastern North America (north western Atlantic) is not one of them. The 4 major fishing regions are:
North east Atlantic (England/Norway);
North west Pacific (Japan);
West central Pacific (China/Indonesia);
South east Pacific (Western South America).

31. Continental Shelves Most fishing grounds are found on continental shelves for 2 reasons. The shallow waters of the self make harvesting more cost effective. The fish have to be landed on shore for human use so the regions closer to shore are fished most profitably. See Figure 12.6 on page 202.

32. Most of the fish are on the continental shelves
Most of the fish are on the continental shelves.  The shallow waters of the shelf promote plankton production which serve as the base of the marine food web including fish.
Shallow water ensures enough light for phytoplankton and effective circulation of nutrients.
See figure 12.4 on page 200.  Figure 12.6, page 202 shows stocks correspond to shelves & figure 12.4 shows food web and shelves.

33. Assigned activities Read the introduction to Chapter 12 on page 197.
Read "Fish as a Food Source" on page 198 of your text book.
Complete Question #1 p. 198
Read "Major Source areas for Fish Harvesting" on pages of your text book.
Complete Question #2 p. 199
Read "Locations of Fish Stocks and Fishing Grounds" on pages
Complete Questions #3 & 4 & 5 on page 201
Read "Fishing Grounds" on page 201 of your text book.
Complete Question #6 & 7 on page 203

34. Fisheries Management
There are a number of issues related to the fishery that require management, pollution and conservation of fish stocks.
Major Sources of Ocean Pollution
There are a number of ways to classify the greatest ocean pollution concerns.  The Ocean Planet web site identifies 4 major sources of ocean pollution.

35. Oil
When it comes to mixing oil and water, oceans suffer from far more than an occasional devastating spill. Disasters make headlines, but hundreds of millions of gallons of oil quietly end up in the seas every year, mostly from non-accidental sources. The graph below, shows how many millions of gallons of oil each source puts into the oceans worldwide each year.

37. Toxic Material
Industrial, agricultural, household cleaning, gardening, and automotive products regularly end up in water. About 65,000 chemicals are used commercially in the U.S. today, with about 1,000 new ones added each year. Only about 300 have been extensively tested for toxicity.
Example:
TBT, or tributyl tin, is added to boat paints to kill or repel barnacles and other nuisance organisms that foul ships' hulls.

38. Dangerous Debris
Our trash kills. When odds and ends of life on land-- particularly plastics--end up in the sea, they pose hazards to marine life. Animals drown or strangle from getting tangled in discarded or lost fishing gear, or suffer and even die from eating plastics and other garbage. 

39. Examples:
a northern sea lion, entangled in an old net, St. Paul Island, Alaska
a party balloon that killed a sperm whale by blocking its digestive tract.

40. Examples:
a party balloon that killed a sperm whale by blocking its digestive tract.

41. Deposits & Withdrawals
For thousands of years humans have viewed oceans as vast dumps for domestic, municipal, and industrial garbage. The enormous deep-sea resources will undoubtedly attract more miners in the future, as easy-to-reach deposits on land are depleted.

42. Impact of New Catch Technology on the Environment
Factory freezer Trawlers have likely had the most significant and negative impact.
Highly efficient at catching fish which greatly reduces the population & reproduction. Large diesel engines, echo sounding equipment, onboard freezers, and GPS navigation contribute to their efficiency.

43. Destruction of the ocean floor by trawls/draggers eliminates good spawning locations for fish. Furthermore it disperses eggs, making fertilization more difficult.
By-catch is often discarded. Some regulations require ships to return with low levels of by catch.
Traveling great distances and being able to stay at sea for long periods allows trawlers from all over the world to congregate in good fishing areas. This puts added pressure on the fish stock.

44. Declining Fish Resource & the Livelihood of Fishers.
The declining fish resources may have a variety of affects on fishers.  Some of those include:
Fishers may concentrate more on conservation.

45. Fishers and the community they live in will have to diversify:
develop aquaculture ex. Bay D'Espoir;
golf course construction ex. Frenchman’s cove
sea weed aquaculture ex. Isle aux Morts
eco-tourism ex. Northern Peninsula
catch underutilized species

46. Assigned activities
Read "Issues in a Sustainable Fishery" on pages
Complete Question #14-15 on page 211.

47. Empty Seas Case Study Assigned activities
Read the case study "Empty Seas" p
Complete the questions #16-19 p. 212
Keep in mind; you will not be required to memorize the answers to these questions but you will be asked about other fishing situations and be asked to analyze them.