The Ecosystem 2.6 Changes

Assessment Statements 2.6.1 Explain the concepts of limiting factors and carrying capacity in the context of population growth. 2.6.2 Describe and explain S- and J- population curves. 2.6.3 Describe the role of density-dependent and density-independent factors, and internal and external factors, in the regulation of populations. 2.6.4 Describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including, K- and r-strategists.

Assessment Statements Cont. 2.6.5 Describe the concept and processes of succession in a named habitat. 2.6.6 Explain the changes in energy flow, gross and net productivity, diversity, and mineral cycling in different stages of succession. 2.6.7 Describe factors affecting the nature of climax communities.

2.6.1 Explain the concepts of limiting factors and carrying capacity in the context of population growth. Limiting Factors – Factors that limit the distribution or numbers of a particular population. They are environmental factors that slow down population growth. Usually involve an optimal range, with upper and lower tolerances. Temperature Water Nutrient Availability

2.6.1 Explain the concepts of limiting factors and carrying capacity in the context of population growth. Carrying capacity– the number of organisms or size of population that an area or ecosystem can support sustainably over a long period of time.

2.6.2 Describe and explain S- and J- population curves. S-population curve: Three Stages Exponential growth stage – population grows at increasingly rapid rate Transitional phase – continues to grow, but slows considerably Plateau or stationary phase – number of individuals stabilizes and population growth stabilizes

2.6.2 Describe and explain S- and J- population curves. J-population curve: Only has the exponential growth stage. Growth is initially slow and becomes increasingly rapid. It does not slow down.

2.6.3 Describe the role of density-dependent and density-independent factors, and internal and external factors, in the regulation of populations. Density-dependent – factors that lower the birth rate or raise the death rate as a population grows in size. Operate as negative feedback mechanisms. Examples: resources, space, disease, parasitism, and predation

2.6.3 Describe the role of density-dependent and density-independent factors, and internal and external factors, in the regulation of populations. Density-independent – factors that lower the birth rate or raise the death rate irrespective of population density. Examples: Natural disasters, and long term climate change.

External factors include predation or disease. 2.6.3 Describe the role of density-dependent and density-independent factors, and internal and external factors, in the regulation of populations. Internal factors include density-dependent fertility or size of breeding territory. External factors include predation or disease. Physical environmental factors: water and nutrient availability, and temperature Biological environmental factors: Predation, and competition.

K-strategists species: 2.6.4 Describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including, K- and r-strategists. K-strategists species: Grow and mature slowly Produce few large offspring Stable environments r-strategists species: Grow and mature quickly Produce many small offspring Disturbed or new environments Those that lie between are called C-strategists

K-strategists survivorship curve: 2.6.4 Describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including, K- and r-strategists. K-strategists survivorship curve: Almost all survive potential lifespan, and then die almost simultaneously Salmon and humans r-strategists survivorship curve: Most die at a very young age, but those that survive are likely to live a very long time Turtles and oysters

2.6.5 Describe the concept and processes of succession in a named habitat. Succession – Orderly process of change over time in a community divided into stages called serals Zonation – The arrangement or patterning of plant communities or ecosystems into bands in response to change, over a distance, in some environmental factor.

Primary Succession – Succession on previously uncolonized substrate 2.6.5 Describe the concept and processes of succession in a named habitat. Primary Succession – Succession on previously uncolonized substrate Secondary Succession – Succession where a previous community has been disturbed

Pioneer community – Earliest seral stage Early Stages of Succession: 2.6.6 Explain the changes in energy flow, gross and net productivity, diversity, and mineral cycling in different stages of succession. Pioneer community – Earliest seral stage Early Stages of Succession: Gross Productivity: low Respiration loss: low Net Productivity: high System: Growing Biomass: Accumulating

Climax community – Final seral stage Final Stages of Succession: 2.6.6 Explain the changes in energy flow, gross and net productivity, diversity, and mineral cycling in different stages of succession. Climax community – Final seral stage Final Stages of Succession: Gross Productivity: high Respiration loss: high Net Productivity: near 0 Production/Respiration Ratio: Near 1

2.6.7 Describe factors affecting the nature of climax communities. Climax community features: Greater biomass Higher levels of diversity Favorable soil conditions Lower pH Taller and longer-living plant species More K-strategists or fewer r- strategists Greater community complexity and stability Greater habitat diversity Steady-state equilibrium Plagioclimax – interrupted succession