1. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Population Biology Concepts Population ecology Carrying capacity Reproductive strategies Survivorship

2. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Objective 1 Outline the characteristics of populations that help predict population growth. -Populations are characterized by population size, population density, population distribution, sex ratio, and age structure. -Birth and death rates, as well as immigration and emigration, determine how a population will grow or decline.

3. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Objective 2 Assess logistic growth, carrying capacity, limiting factors, and other fundamental concepts in population ecology. -Populations unrestrained by limiting factors will undergo exponential growth until they meet environmental resistance. -Logistic growth describes the effects of density dependence; growth slows as population size increases, and population size levels off at a carrying capacity. -Carrying capacity is the maximum size a population can attain in a given environment -K-selection and r-selection describe theoretical extremes in how organisms can allocate growth and reproduction.

4. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Population

5. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Population characteristics Population size: the number of individual organisms present at a given time -Numbers can increase, decrease, cycle, or remain the same In 100 years, passenger pigeons — billions of birds — were driven to extinction.

6. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Population characteristics Population density: the number of individuals within a population per unit area -Generally, larger organisms have lower population densities because they need more resources. -High densities make it easier to find mates, but increase competition and vulnerability to predation. -Low densities make it harder to find mates, but individuals enjoy plentiful resources and space. -Reduced resources can lead to overcrowding, disease, predators, parasites, and extinction.

7. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Population characteristics Population distribution (dispersion): spatial arrangement of organisms within an area -Random — haphazardly located individuals, with no pattern -Uniform — individuals are evenly spaced due to territoriality or competition -Clumped — arranged according to availability of resources -Most common in nature

8. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Sex ratio: proportion of males to females -In monogamous species, a 50/50 sex ratio maximizes population growth. Age structure (age distribution): the relative numbers of organisms of each age within a population -Age structure diagrams (pyramids): show the age structure of populations Population characteristics

9. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson

10. Survivorship Curves Individuals of different ages

11. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Four factors that determine population growth Population growth or decline is due to: 1.Natality: births within the population 2.Mortality: deaths within the population 3.Immigration: arrival of individuals from outside the population 4.Emigration: departure of individuals from the population

12. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Calculating Population Growth Population Growth rate = (crude birth rate + immigration rate) - (crude death rate + emigration rate) takes into account effects of migration Natural rate of population growth= (crude birth rate) – (crude death rate) number of births and deaths per 1000 individuals/year

13. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Exponential population growth Exponential growth: a population increases by a fixed percent -A fixed percent of a large number produces a large increase. -Graphed as a J-shaped curve Exponential growth cannot be sustained indefinitely. -It occurs in nature with a small population and ideal conditions.

14. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Limiting factors restrain growth Exponential growth rarely lasts for long. Limiting factors: physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that restrain population growth -Water, space, food, predators, and disease Environmental resistance: all limiting factors taken together that stop exponential growth -Stabilizes the population size

15. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Carrying capacity Carrying capacity: the maximum population size of a species that its environment can sustain -An S-shaped logistic growth curve -Initial exponential increase is slowed and stopped due to limiting factors.. Carrying capacities change Humans have raised their carrying capacity by decreasing the carrying capacities for other.

16. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Perfect logistic curves aren’t often found (a) Ideal (b) and (c) Fluctuate around carrying capacity (d) Grow rapidly, use resources too quickly, crash suddenly

17. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Population density affects limiting factors A population’s density can increase or decrease the impact of certain factors. Density-dependent factors: limiting factors whose influence is affected by population density -Increased risk of predation and competition for mates occurs with increased density. -The logistic growth curve represents the effects of density dependence. Density-independent factors: limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density -Events such as floods, fires, and landslides

18. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Biotic potential and reproductive strategies vary Population regulation is not only due to environmental limiting factors, but to attributes of the organism itself. Biotic potential: an organism’s ability to produce offspring

19. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Cabezon “Scorpion Fish Example of high biotic potential Mature at 3-5 years Release 50,000-100,000 eggs/year Fertilized eggs hatch in 12-16 days

20. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Example of low biotic potential Mature at 10 years Give birth to a single baby every 8 years

21. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson K-selected species: animals with long gestation periods and few offspring (“quality, not quantity”) Have a low biotic potential Stabilize at or near carrying capacity Must compete for resources…so offspring must be of high quality and be good competitors Natural selection favors individuals that invest in offspring

22. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson r-selected species: animals which reproduce quickly (“quantity, not quality”) Have a high biotic potential Devote their energy and resources to producing as many offspring as possible in a relatively short time. Their offspring do not require parental care after birth- survival left to chance. Many fish, plants, frogs, and insects.

23. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson K-selected vs. r-selected species

24. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson