1 Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 62

2 Reminder Although we will not discuss the contents of Chapter 15 of the textbook (Treatment for Mental Disorders) in class, this material will be assessed on the final exam.

3 Announcement We will have guest lecturers attend the next two classes: Friday, April 1 st : Intimate partner violence. Multicultural Family Support Services. Monday, April 4 th : Sex and Labour Trafficking. The Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons. As a courtesy to our speakers, please arrive to class on time. You are encouraged to take notes during the presentations.

4 Mental Health, Exploitation, Violence, and Oppression: 2. What “methodological artifacts” may contribute to sex differences in mental health? 3. What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? 1. Are there sex differences in personality disorders?

5 2. discuss sex differences in rates of personality disorders. 1. describe the personality disorders listed in the DSM- IV-TR. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. identify gender biases in the diagnostic criteria for personality disorders.

6 4. discuss methodological artifacts that may contribute to sex differences in mental health. 5. generate examples of gender-based exploitation, violence, and oppression in Canada.

7 Are there sex differences in personality disorders? According DSM-IV-TR criteria, a PD is:  “A … pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture.”

8  The pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.  The pattern manifests in at least 2 of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.  The pattern is stable and of long duration; its onset can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood.

9 Sex differences have been observed in the prevalence of most of these personality disorders. Ten PDs are currently identified by the DSM-IV-TR: schizotypal, paranoid, schizoid, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, and dependent. These sex differences may be the result of “methodological artifacts” or diagnostic biases.

10 What “methodological artifacts” may contribute to sex differences in mental health? 1. Clinician bias. 2. Response bias. 3. Criteria bias (i.e., differential item functioning).

11 What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? A. In Canada: Among children and youth, girls are 5 times more likely than boys to be the victim of sexual assault. Sexual Assault (Statistics Canada, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2009)

12 Rates of Sexual Assault Among Children and Youth by Sex, 2008 (Statistics Canada, 2010)

13 Among adults, females are 5-6 times more likely than males to be the victim of sexual assault; for more egregious sexual offences (e.g., involving disfigurement, maiming, endangerment of life), rates are 3 times higher among females than males.

14 Physical Assault (Statistics Canada, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2009) Among children and youth, boys are 1.5 times more likely than girls to be the victim of physical assault.

15 Rates of Physical Assault Among Children and Youth by Sex, 2008 (Statistics Canada, 2010)

16 Among adults, males are times more likely than females to be the victim of physical assault. Gang-related activity contributes to the higher rates of physical assault and homicide among males than females. Males are 3 times more likely than females to be the victim of homicide.

17 Homicide Rates by Sex, 1961 to 2008 (Statistics Canada, 2009)

18 Gang-Related Homicide, 1991 to 2008 (Statistics Canada, 2009)

19 12% of all police-reported violent crime involves spousal abuse. Police-reported rates of spousal abuse are 5 times higher among females than males. Spousal Assault (Statistics Canada, 2009) Females are 4 times more likely than males to be killed by a spouse.

20 Police-Reported Spousal Violence, 1998 to 2007 (Statistics Canada, 2009)

21 Spousal Homicide, 1979 to 2007 (Statistics Canada, 2009)

22 With respect to prostitution, females are more likely than males to be convicted and receive a prison sentence. Prostitution (Statistics Canada, 2003, 2008) With respect to crimes other than prostitution, males are more likely than females to be convicted and receive a prison sentence.

23 RCMP estimates suggest that individuals are trafficked into Canada from other countries each year for the purpose of sexual exploitation (Arthur, 2009). Foreign sex trafficking is estimated to generate $400 million per year in Canada (McClelland, 2001). Human Trafficking Domestic trafficking is an increasing problem for aboriginal girls and women (Arthur, 2009).

24 Mental Health, Exploitation, Violence, and Oppression: 2. What “methodological artifacts” may contribute to sex differences in mental health? 3. What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? 1. Are there sex differences in personality disorders?