23:2 Second New Deal Takes Hold

Second New Deal Second Hundred Days First New Deal-not enough improvement – Unemployment still high – Production still low Congress passes second wave of legislation

Eleanor Roosevelt Social reformer Went to see suffering Brought needs back to FDR Helped shape legislation

1936 Election Overwhelming Democrat victories African Americans shift to Democrats Reflects public support for New Deal

FDR Court Packing Bill Democrats control legislative Branch Democrats control executive Branch Proposed legislation to increase the number of Supreme Court Justices to 12 He could appoint the new justices that would support New Deal Programs

Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck Novel expressed the troubling experiences of tenant farmers

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act pay farmers for cutting production of soil depleting crops Rewarded farmers for practicing good soil conservation methods

2 nd AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act Pay farmers to cut production in order to raise prices

Resettlement Administration Loans to small farmers to buy land

Farm Security Administration FSA $1 billion in loans to help tenant farmers become landowners established better camps for migrant farmers Hired photographers to capture difficult conditions

Dorothea Lange Depression photographer Migrant Mother

Works Progress Administration WPA Goal: create as many jobs as quickly as possible $11 billion to 8 million workers on works projects Also employed professionals Much to women, minorities, and young

The federal government commissioned a series of public murals from the artists it employed. William Gropper's "Construction of a Dam" (1939), is characteristic of much of the art of the 1930s, with workers seen in heroic poses, laboring in unison to complete a great public project.William Gropper

National Youth Administration NYA Education, jobs, counseling, and recreation $$$ for high school, college and graduate school students Work study programs

National Labor Relations Act AKA Wagner Act Right of workers to join unions and engage in collective bargaining Prohibited unfair labor practices Established the National Labor Relations Board

Fair Labor Standards Act 44/40 hours week Minimum wage $.25/$.40 Child labor laws

Social Security Administration SSA Old age insurance at 65 Unemployment compensation Dependent children disabled

Rural Electrification Administration REA 12.6 % rural farms had electricity in %

23:3 New Deal Affects Many Groups

New Deal and Women Federal government positions – Francis Perkins-Secretary of Labor Workplace discrimination – Wages – New Deal agencies discriminated

New Deal and African Americans Federal Government positions Mary McLeod Bethune-NYA Division of Negro Affairs “Black Cabinet” Marian Anderson sings at Lincoln memorial

FDR and Civil Rights Didn’t want to alienate southern democrats – Poll taxes – Works projects discriminated – Anti lynching laws Still supported by African Americans as their best bet for the future

New Deal and Mexican Americans Migrant farmers not protected by laws $.09/hour

New Deal and Native Americans 1933 citizenship John Collier-commissioner of Indian affairs Indian Reorganization Act 1934 – Assimilation to autonomy – Economic, cultural, political pg. 713

New Deal Coalition Variety of minorities and labor unions that supported Democrats in 1930s and 40s

New Deal and Labor Unions Wagner Act FDR “Friend of Labor” Membership grew

American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations AFL-CIO AFL-craft based workers: RR engineers/carpenters CIO-skilled and unskilled of an entire industry like car or steel Reunited in 1955 AFL-CIO

AFL-CIO Today Largest Union in the U.S./Canada 56 member unions (UAW, SAG, ALPA) 10 million represented

Labor Disputes Sit down strikes Memorial Day Massacre