AP Biology Chapter 1 Review

Biology  The Study of Life  We classify life by what organisms do: Figure 1.2 (c) Response to the environment (a) Order (d) Regulation (g) Reproduction (f) Growth and development (b) Evolutionary adaptation (e) Energy processing

1 The biosphere A Hierarchy of Biological Organization Cell 8 Cells 6 Organs and organ systems 7 Tissues 10 Molecules 9 Organelles 50 µm 10 µm 1 µm Ato ms

The 8 Biological Themes  Science as a Process of Inquiry  Evolution  Energy Transfer  Continuity and Change  Relationship of Structure and Function  Regulation  Interdependence in Nature  Science, Technology and Society

Science as a Process of Inquiry  We study science so that we can have a better understanding of our world.  It can use a discovery process using inductive reasoning.  Also, it could be a process of hypothesis testing(deductive reasoning).

An Example of Inductive Reasoning  Inductive reasoning makes conclusions based on a set of observations.  Can lead to a hypothesis that can be more carefully studied using deductive reasoning.

An Example of Deductive Reasoning  Deductive reasoning uses previously known facts to make conclusions.  Think about how this doctor uses facts to solve his patients’ illnesses.

Evolution  Can be defined as a change in the gene pool of a population over a period of time.  Driven by the process of natural selection.  Accounts for the diversity of life on Earth.

Energy Transfer  All living things need a constant supply energy in order to survive.  Energy can be obtained in one of two ways: Autrophically Heterotrophically

Continuity and Change  All species tend to maintain themselves from generation to generation using the same genetic code.  The change comes about through evolution.

Relationship of Structure and Function  We can often determine the function of something by looking at the structure or how it is made.

Regulation  Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions. Maintain homeostasis Achieve this through feedback

Feedback  Negative The more you have, the less you make  Positive More you have, the more you make

B A C D Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 D D D D D D D D DD C B A Negative feedback Figure 1.11

WW X Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z ZZ Z Z Z Y X Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Positive feedback Figure 1.12

Interdependence in Nature  Living organisms rarely exist alone in nature.  Organisms must interact together to live. Example – There are MANY different types of bacteria that live in and on your body. Without them, you would die!!!! 

 As diverse as life is, there is evidence of unity… Cilia of Paramecium. The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water. Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 15 µm 1.0 µm 5 µm Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward. Figure 1.16

Science, Technology and Society  Scientific research often leads to technological advances than can have positive and/or negative impacts on society as a whole.  Science and technology must function within the rules of society.  Ethics

Why study themes in Biology?  Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge. Too much to memorize it all. Need to generalize. Create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge. Themes are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms.

Review Activity  List the 8 themes of Biology  List and explain which of the biological themes are illustrated in your picture.  How could your picture be changed to include the biological themes that are not illustrated?