+ DNA Technology 1

+ DNA Extraction Chemical treatments Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst sticky The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture “spooling” This is called “spooling” DNA 2

+ Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences manageable fragments Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments 3

+ Electrophoresis size and charge DNA can be separated based on size and charge phosphate groups negatively The phosphate groups are negatively charged gel electricity DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through 4

+ Electrophoresis Negative DNA Negative DNA moves toward the positive end Smallerfarther and faster Smaller fragments move farther and faster 5

+ Electrophoresis 6

+ Copying DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA 7

+ Steps in Copying DNA A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube DNA polymerase DNA polymerase that can work at high temps is added 8

+ Steps in Copying DNA DNA is heated The DNA is heated to separate the two strands Primers Primers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added 9

+ Copying DNA DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands The tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands 10

+PCR 11 Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

Cloning asexual reproduction May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis) 12 Clone Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells

+ Cloning organisms body cell egg cell A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused divides like a normal embryo The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo 13

+ Cloning “Dolly” 14

+ Human Genome Project Started in 1990 Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) Over 3.3 billion nucleotides Mapping every gene location (loci) Conducted by scientists around the world 15

+ HGP Insights Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) Other 98% (introns) are non-coding Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes) 16

+ Benefits of Human Genome Project Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing … Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing … 17

+ Benefits of Genetic Engineering/Biotechnology 18 Biotechnology is the use if gene science to create new products from plants and animals

+ 19 Biotechnology Provides: Improved food products Medical advances An enhanced environment Improved food products Medical advances An enhanced environment

+ Herbicide Resistant Crops Soybeans: Roundup Ready Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready 20 + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

+ Biotechnology Breakthroughs Insulin (1982) First commercial biotech product Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin Rice Enriched with beta-carotene and iron Bananas Containing edible hepatitis vaccine Insulin (1982) First commercial biotech product Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin Rice Enriched with beta-carotene and iron Bananas Containing edible hepatitis vaccine 21

+ Biotechnology Breakthroughs Potatoes with higher solid content Garlic that lowers cholesterol Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease Potatoes with higher solid content Garlic that lowers cholesterol Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease 22

+ Environmental Benefits Reduced pesticide use Lower energy requirements Cleaner water Less soil erosion Reduced pesticide use Lower energy requirements Cleaner water Less soil erosion 23