Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. Which of the following groups of categories is listed from broadest to most specific? Afamily, order, class Bphylum, class, kingdom Corder, family, genus Dgenus, family, species 2. Unicellular, prokaryotes would be classified into the category… AFungiB Monera CProtistaD Plantae

Agenda Warm-up Notes Concept Map Video-Outbreak Clean-up Cool-down

Monera Guided Notes

MONERA single celled prokaryotes AKA “bacteria”

Bacteria are prokaryotic-they do not have a nucleus or organelles. Bacteria do have ribosomes, a cell membrane, DNA, and most have a cell wall.

3 PRIMARY BACTERIA SHAPES ROD- bacilli SPHERE- cocci SPIRAL- spirilla

Rod Shaped Bacteria Example: E. coli (group of bacteria) Causes urinary infections, food poisoning (lots more) Helps in digestion Can predict fecal contamination Most studied of all organisms in biology (Why?)

Round Shaped Bacteria Produce nearly 1/3 of all infections in humans including: strep throat, pneumonia, food poisoning, skin diseases, toxic shock syndrome, gonorrhea and meningitis Also common in food production

Spiral Shaped Bacteria Examples: Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum Causes syphilis Causes Lyme Disease

In your mouth there are more bacteria than all of the people in the world!!!!

Good Bacteria 99% of all bacteria is good You have more bacteria in your body than human cells – They aid in digestion – They produce vitamins – They destroy harmful organisms A few bad bacteria get most of the press. Many people don’t know that most bacteria is beneficial.

E. Coli Naturally found in our bodies to aid in digestion Often used in scientific DNA and gene research Do not copy

B. thuringiensis Natural pest killer in gardens and on crops Do not copy

P. putida Cleans waste from sewage water at water treatment plants Do not copy

Streptomyces Used to make streptomycin, an antibiotic used to treat infections Do not copy

L. acidophilus Used to help turn milk into yogurt Do not copy

Sooooo…are bacteria friend or foe??? BOTH!!!

FOES Food poisoning (Salmonella spp.) –Rod Shaped Strep Throat (Streptococcus spp.) –Cocci Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) –Rod Shaped Food poisoning, etc. (E. coli) –Rod shaped

FRIENDS Add taste to foods (cheese, sour-dough, yogurt) Help plants make proteins (converts N 2 to NH 4 ) Help animals digest cellulose

Many types of bacteria infections can be treated with antibiotics.

ANTIBIOTICS any substance produced by a microorganism which harms or kills another microorganism However, antibiotics DO NOT harm viruses

Antibiotics Example: Penicillin Comes from mold (fungus) Stops the creation of a cell wall during binary fission Many bacteria become resistant to types of antibiotics Follow doctor’s orders!!!

Cladograms The closer organisms are on the tree, the more closely they are related and the more recently they shared a common ancestor. The closer they are to the beginning of the tree, the more primitive (less complex) the organism. The more closely related 2 species are, the more similar the amino acid sequences.

The Primary Shapes of Bacteria Complete the Shapes of Bacteria sheet by… –answering the questions –making 3D construction paper models of each of the shapes of bacteria Use page 443 in the Blue Holt textbook for help!

Cool-Down 1.Which kingdom do bacteria belong in? 2.Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? 3.Most bacteria causes infections and is bad. True or False?

1. Uncooked meats (chicken, beef, etc), eggs, food tainted by cross-contamination, raw (unpasteurized) milk, contamination from hands 2. Contamination from dirty hands (cross- contamination), milk, eggs, ice cream (eggs), mayo

Nausea, vomiting, crampy abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, 4. you need fluids! Prevent dehydration

Warm-up / EOC Prep 1. Round-shaped bacteria are called… Acircle bacteriaBspirillum CcoccusDbaccillus 2. Heterotrophs that have chitin in their cell walls would be classified as… AProtistsBPlants CAnimalsDFungi

Agenda Warm-up Notes Virus/Bacteria Worksheet Vocab Crossword Puzzle Video Clean-up Cool down

Viruses Guided Notes

VIRUS non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and a protein coat called a capsid that can invade living cells

Viruses are not living!

BACTERIOPHAGE viruses that invade bacteria

Bacteriophage

LIFE CYCLE OF A VIRUS Infection –(attachment to cell and injection of genetic material) Growth Replication Lysis

2 TYPES OF INFECTION 1. LYTIC INFECTION –Virus takes over cell and reproduces itself (hijacker) 2. LYSOGENIC INFECTION –Virus DNA inserts into cell DNA and is copied as normal (sneak attack)

LYSIS Cell bursts open and the viruses are released

Most types of viruses can not be treated. We treat the symptoms instead and wait for our immune system to figure out how to kill the virus.

How many of you have had chicken pox? How many of you have had chicken pox more than once???

Immune System First LineSecond Line 2 Lines of Defense

MACROPHAGE White blood cell that is long-lived and can destroy multiple pathogens using phagocytosis

ANTIGEN Marker proteins displayed on the surface of a macrophage that trigger the immune response

RETROVIRUS Viruses that have RNA as the genetic material

VACCINE antibodies from the virus “bootcamp” for your immune system

Antigens are also what determines blood types and therefore an antigen that is different from your body’s will trigger the immune response

There are 2 types of immune system cells: 1. B cells 2. T cells

B CELLS B cells make antibodies-the cells that recognize and target diseased cells.

T Cells T cells can be T helper cells or T killer cells.

T helper cells control and direct immune response. T killer cells recognize and kill infected cells

HIV

Definitions HIV: (the virus that causes AIDS) Human Immonodeficiency Virus

Definitions AIDS: (the sickness) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Statistics About 1 million people in America are HIV Positive (36.1 million worldwide) Each year there are 50,000 new infections, of which there are 2,500 infants AIDS is the leading cause of death for men between ages 25 and 44 and the 4 th highest for women of the same age group

WAYS PEOPLE ARE INFECTED Having sex with an infected person. Sharing a needle with someone who's infected (shooting drugs/tattoos) Being born when the mother is infected, or drinking the breast milk of an infected woman. TRANSFER OF BODY FLUIDS!!!

HIV is treated with anti-viral medications- antibiotics do not treat viruses. HIV lowers the number of T cells in the body, which makes it hard to fight infections.

HIV kills the immune system, so an individual with HIV usually ends up dying from a secondary infection such as tuberculosis, not the virus.

Bacteria vs. Viruses Size –The biggest virus is only as large as the smallest bacteria. Structure –Bacteria are complex compared to viruses. Reproduction –Bacteria contain all the blueprints and tools to reproduce themselves. –Viruses can only exist as parasites. Antibiotic Effectiveness –Bacteria can be destroyed by antibiotics, viruses cannot.

Cool-Down 1.Which kingdom do bacteria belong in? 2.Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? 3.Most bacteria causes infections and is bad. True or False? 4.Bacterial infections are treated with…? 5.Which is more complex- bacteria or viruses? 6.What is a virus that invades a bacteria?

Cool-Down A man left home and turned left three times before running into a man in a mask. Who is the man in the mask? What is the man who left home doing? The man in the mask is the catcher. The man who left home is playing baseball and was trying to get a home run.