1.Dorothea Dix worked to reform treament of the _________ _____. 2.The Maine Law of 1851 dealt with ________. 3.This man succeeded Andrew Jackson as President. 4.Henry Clay helped to start this political party. 5.This man became President after President Harrison died of pneumonia.

1.Harrison ran for president for the the _____ Party. 2.The nation’s first prohibition laws were passed in ______. 3.This man became President after President Harrison died of pneumonia. 4.Andrew Jackson “appointed” _______ as his successor. 5.In 1837 some Americans attempted to invade _________, ending in the “Caroline” incident.

Theme: In the early nineteenth century, the American economy developed the beginnings of industrialization. The greatest advances occurred in transportation, as canals and railroads bound the Union together into a continental economy with strong regional specialization. (Pageant)

AMERICA (ESPECIALLY THE NORTH) IN THE MID 1800’s IS INCREASINGLY… Urbanized Diverse Socially, Immigration Democratic Egalitarian Industrialized Diverse Economically Developing infrastructure

URBANIZATION America is the 4 th most populous nation by 1860 Population doubles approx. every 25 years Experiencing overrapid urbanization and its attendant problems – crowding, disease, and shortages Northern cities (Boston, New York) begin developing utilities and infrastructure first Immigration and high birth rates drive growth

Map: Major American Cities in 1830 and 1860 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Population Distribution, 1790 and 1850 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

IMMIGRATION : roughly 35 million immigrants to US 1840s-1850s: 1.5 million Irish and close to 1.5 million Germans immigrate to US Transatlantic steamships enable migration Collapse of revolutions of 1848, potato famine, and hunger for opportunity, land, and freedoms motivate immigrants Irish settle in East and in cities, working in factories, canals/roads/construction, and as domestics Irish eventually assert control over political machines in NYC and Chicago Germans settle in Midwest, agricultural New immigrants make US more Catholic, more diverse

Map: Origin and Settlement of Immigrants, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

FARMING REVOLUTION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION 1837 – John Deere invents steel plow 1830’s – Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical mower-reaper  Inventions help FARMERS TILL THE PLAINS  Mechanization leads to crop-specialization  Specialization leads to surpluses  New transportation developed to bring surpluses to cities  Creation of turnpikes  The National Road  Steamboats (invented by Robert Fulton)  Erie Canal (AKA “Big Ditch”)  Railroads  Cities boom & a TRULY NATIONAL ECONOMY FORGED

Agricultural ad, 1859 The manufacture of agricultural implements was becoming a major industry by Now the farmers shown on the fringe could put down their scythes and let the mechanical reaper do the work. (Library of Congress) Agricultural ad, 1859 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Model of McCormick reaper, 1850s The horse-drawn McCormick reaper was a relatively simple device. A cutting bar separated the wheat from the chaff. Reels then pushed the cut grain onto the platform for collection and tying into shocks. (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.) Model of McCormick reaper, 1850s Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

THESIS: By the late 1830’s Jackson’s Whig opponents had learned to use the same popular political weapons against the democrats, signaling the emergence of the second America party system.

The Whigs and the Democrats: Two-Party System Re-emerges (p. 293)

Jackson “anoints” Martin Van Buren to become President after him and to lead the Democratic Party. PANIC OF 1837: Causes and Effects What is history’s verdict of Van Buren? How much of the Panic of 1837 was his fault? Fed $ put in Wildcat Banks Specie Circular 1836 “run” on Bank Notes Banks stop accepting paper $ Bank closings Unemployment & Recession

What is history’s verdict of Van Buren? Things to remember: Panic of 1837 Specie Circular Rebellion in Canada “Divorce Bill”

Map: Election of 1840 Election of 1840 Although the difference in popular votes between William Henry Harrison and Martin Van Buren was small in the election of 1840, Harrison won a landslide victory in the Electoral College. This map shows why. After floundering through several elections, the Whig Party was finally able to organize a national coalition, giving it solid victories in all of the most populous regions of the country. Only the Far West, which was still sparsely settled, voted as a block for Van Buren. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Van Buren and Harrison COMPARE AND CONTRAST: Van Buren COMMONALITIES Harrison Who?

Tyler: A President without a Party 1841: Tyler assumes Presidency after Harrison’s death Tyler turns out to be more of a Democrat than a Whig! Clay and Whigs clash with Tyler over creating BUS (Bank of the United States) and then Tyler threatens to veto Tariff increases.

Maine: War with Canada? Canadian Bacon? 1837: US Steamer Caroline attacked while ferrying supplies to insurrectionists in Canada, is destroyed. War threatens b/w US and GB over land route to Quebec cutting through Northern Maine Lord Ashburton and Secretary Webster renegotiate Maine’s boundaries, swapping land. 1842: War is averted.

MAINE BOUNDARY SETTLEMENT 1842 Blue line=current border Yellow line=British claim Red line=US claim history/northeastborder.htm

1.The Webster-Ashburton negotiations resolved disputes over this state’s boundary. 2.Texas was annexed by the “Joint Resolution” of Congress under this President. 3.The annexation of Texas was delayed by protest from the North East because of the presence of this institution in Texas.