Led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, & othersLed by Martin Luther, John Calvin, & others Movement to protest abuses within Catholic ChurchMovement to protest abuses within Catholic Church Movement destroyed religious unity in Europe & established many Protestant denominationsMovement destroyed religious unity in Europe & established many Protestant denominations Catholic Church tried to stop spread of Protestant ideas by reforming itselfCatholic Church tried to stop spread of Protestant ideas by reforming itself

Martin LutherMartin Luther –Believed salvation was earned by faith not works (prayers, sacraments, or fasting) –Issued call for reform because of sale of indulgences Pope Leo X wanted to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral; sold office to Archbishop of Mainz & permitted Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences1517- Pope Leo X wanted to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral; sold office to Archbishop of Mainz & permitted Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences 10/31/1517- Luther posts 95 Theses10/31/1517- Luther posts 95 Theses

Martin LutherMartin Luther –Wrote a series of books to explain his beliefs: Salvation through faith aloneSalvation through faith alone Religious authority comes from Bible only, not popeReligious authority comes from Bible only, not pope Church is entire community of Christian believersChurch is entire community of Christian believers All work is sacred; people should serve God in their own wayAll work is sacred; people should serve God in their own way Baptism, communion, & penance are only legitimate sacramentsBaptism, communion, & penance are only legitimate sacraments –Luther supported consubstantiation –Catholic Church supported transubstantiation Secular rulers were supreme authority in all cases except religious mattersSecular rulers were supreme authority in all cases except religious matters

Martin LutherMartin Luther –1520- Pope Leo X orders Luther to recant or be excommunicated –1521- Luther ordered to appear at Diet of Worms, refused to recant & is declared an outlaw w/ Edict of Worms Luther goes into hiding; translates Bible into GermanLuther goes into hiding; translates Bible into German

Martin LutherMartin Luther –Supported by princes & peasants Princes agreed with Luther or saw opportunity to increase their powerPrinces agreed with Luther or saw opportunity to increase their power Peasants thought Luther’s protest was a call for freedom; German Peasant Revolt begins; Luther urges princes to stop revolt (100K killed); peasants rejected Luther’s leadershipPeasants thought Luther’s protest was a call for freedom; German Peasant Revolt begins; Luther urges princes to stop revolt (100K killed); peasants rejected Luther’s leadership

John CalvinJohn Calvin –Influenced by Luther; Bible was final authority & salvation by faith –Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536); explains his views Predestination- only God knows who will be saved; “elect” identified by good moral lifePredestination- only God knows who will be saved; “elect” identified by good moral life Theocracy- unity of church & stateTheocracy- unity of church & state –Implemented in Geneva, Switzerland

John CalvinJohn Calvin –Calvinism appealing because of simplicity & strict moral code –Ideas spread under different names Scotland- John Knox & PresbyterianismScotland- John Knox & Presbyterianism England- PuritansEngland- Puritans France- HuguenotsFrance- Huguenots

Occurred for political reasons, not religious onesOccurred for political reasons, not religious ones –Henry VIII needed a male heir

1536- Parliament passes Act of Supremacy1536- Parliament passes Act of Supremacy –King is head of Church of England, not pope; did not change Church doctrine –Church land was seized & given to nobles who supported Henry VIII

Reform movement in Catholic Church to combat ProtestantismReform movement in Catholic Church to combat Protestantism Began under Pope Paul IIIBegan under Pope Paul III –Published Index of Forbidden Books –Revived Inquisition (religious court to try & torture heretics)

Centerpiece of Catholic Reform was Council of TrentCenterpiece of Catholic Reform was Council of Trent –Salvation earned through faith & good works –Bible, Church tradition, & Church law were equal authorities –Reaffirmed sacraments, celibacy, & monastic life –Condemned abuses w/in Church (sale of indulgences illegal) –Greater education for clergy –Helped establish power & influence of papacy

JesuitsJesuits –Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1534) –Spiritual soldiers of Catholic Reformation –Played important role in upholding Catholic faith Advisors to kingsAdvisors to kings Educated youth in schools & universitiesEducated youth in schools & universities Carried Christian message to New WorldCarried Christian message to New World Used Inquisition to assure dominance of CatholicismUsed Inquisition to assure dominance of Catholicism

Effects of Protestant ReformationEffects of Protestant Reformation –Destroyed religious unity in Europe –Civil authority gained authority over church authority –Growth of education & capitalism –Religious wars Germany- ended with Peace of Augsburg (1555); princes established religion of territoriesGermany- ended with Peace of Augsburg (1555); princes established religion of territories France- Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes (limited religious toleration for Huguenots)France- Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes (limited religious toleration for Huguenots) Thirty Years War ( ); ended with Treaty of WestphaliaThirty Years War ( ); ended with Treaty of Westphalia –Renewed Peace of Augsburg & recognized Calvinism –Destroyed Germany; weakened Holy Roman Empire –Establishes principle of balance of power politics