Enterprise Systems Architectures EGN 5621 Enterprise Systems Collaboration (Professional MSEM) Fall, 2012

System architecture, Def. ◦A scheme by which the functional elements of the system are arranged into physical/logical blocks and by which the blocks interact.

Three major enterprise (information reference) architectures Generalized enterprise reference architecture (GERA) Purdue enterprise reference architecture (PERA) Enterprise architecture framework ◦By John Zackman

GERA - Three scoping/modeling dimensions Life-cycle dimension ◦Provides for the controlled modeling process of enterprise entity according to its life cycle Generic-ity dimension ◦Provides for the controlled particularization (instantiation) process from generic (or partial) to particular. View dimension ◦Provides for the controlled visualization of specific views of the enterprise entity

GERA - Enterprise life-cycle phases (1) Identification ◦(A set of activities that) identifies the contents of the enterprise in terms of the nature of its existence, its need and the need for changes. Concept ◦(A set of activities for) developing the concepts of the underlying enterprise, including the definition of its mission, vision, values, strategies, objectives, operational concepts, policies, and business plans. Requirements ◦(A set of activities for) developing descriptions of operational requirements of the enterprise, its relevant processes, and the collection of all their functional, behavioral, information and capacity needs for both production and mgt, whether by humans or machinery.

GERA - Enterprise life-cycle phases (2) Design ◦(A set of activities that) support the specification of the enterprise with all of its components that satisfy the enterprise requirements. They include the design of all human tasks, all machine tasks, and operational processes (including identification of necessary information and resources for mfg. information, communication, control and other processing technology) ◦Sub-phases: preliminary (architectural) design and detailed design Implementation ◦(A set of activities that) define all tasks that must be carried out to build or re-build (manifest) the enterprise. This comprises implementation in the broadest sense, covering  Commissioning, purchasing, re-configuring, or developing all software and hardware resources for services, mfg. and control.  Hiring and training personnel, and developing or changing the human organization.  Component testing and validation, system integration, validation, and testing, and releasing into operation

GERA - Enterprise life-cycle phases (3) Operation ◦The activities of the enterprise that are needed during its operation for producing the customers products and service which is its special mission, along with all those tasks needed for monitoring, controlling, and evaluating the operation. ◦Thus the resources of the enterprise are managed and controlled so as to carry out the processes necessary for the entity to fulfill its mission ◦Deviations from goals and objectives or any feedback from the environment may lead to requests for change, which includes enterprise re-engineering, continuous improvements of its human and technology resources, its business process, and its organization. Decommission ◦The activities needed for disbanding, re-missioning, re-training, redesign, recycling, preservation, transfer, disassembly, or disposal of all or part of the entity at the end of its useful life in operation.

GERA - Enterprise’s entity types (4) Type A – strategic management entity ◦ such as an (enterprise) engineering project ◦Very short life cycle Type B – engineering implementation entity ◦Entity that creates other enterprise entities Type C – enterprise entity ◦Entity that produces customers goods and services Type D – product entity ◦All products and customers services of enterprise type C Type E – methodology entity ◦Entity that establishes tasks to support other entities.

GERA - views Entity model contents views ◦Function (model of functions and behaviors of business processes) ◦Information (model) ◦Organization (of responsibilities and authorizations on entities) ◦Resource (model) Entity purpose views ◦(Customer) service and product views (contents relevant to operation and its results ◦Management and control views (contents relevant to mgt.) Entity implementation views ◦Human activities view (of information related to human tasks) ◦Automated activities view (of information related to machine tasks) Entity physical manifestation views ◦Software view (information resources capable of performing a task set) ◦Hardware view (physical resources capable of performing a task set)

PERA Layers (life cycle phases) Identification ◦of the CIM business entity Concept layer ◦mission, vision, and values Definition layer ◦functional requirement Specification layers ◦architectural design Detailed design layer Manifestation layer ◦Implementation Operations layer

RowPerspective Constraint Model 1 PlannerFinancial/externalScope (an executive summary of system scope, cost, and how it would perform) 2 OwnerUsage/policyEnterprise (business) model (business entities, processes and how they interact) 3 Designer (analyst)Structure/operation System model (data elements and functions that represent business entities and processes) 4 BuilderTechnology Technology model (adapting information model to the details of programming languages, tools, I/O devices, and others) 5 SubcontractorImplementation Out of context models (detailed specifications given to programmers who code modules) Zachman’s Enterprise Framework

Data (with entity and relation) Function (with function and parameter) Network (with node and link) Scope (planner)List of things important to the business (entity: class of business thing) List of processes the business performs (function: class of business processes) List of location in which the business operates (node: major business location) Enterprise model (owner) ENT/REL diagram (business entity, business constraint) Process flow diagram (business process and resources) Logistics network (business location, business linkage) System model (designer) Data model (data entity and data relationship) Data flow diagram (application function and user view) Distributed system architecture (I/S function, and line characteristics) Technology model (builder) Data design (segment/row; pointers/key) Structure chart (computer function and screen/device format) System architecture (hardware/system software, line specifications) Components (subcontractor) Data definition description (field and address) Program (language statement and control block) Network architecture (address, protocol) Zachman’s Enterprise Framework

People (agent, work)Time (time, cycle)Motivation (ends, means) Scope List of organizations/agents important to the business (major org. unit) List of events significant to the business (major business event) List of business goal/strategy (major bus. goal and critical success factor) Enterprise modelOrganization chart (org. unit, work product) Master schedule (business event and bus. cycle) Business plan (business objective and bus. strategy) System modelHuman interface architecture (role, deliverable) Processing structure (system event and processing cycle) Knowledge architecture (criterion, option) Technology modelHuman/technology interface (user, job) Control structure (execute, component cycle) Knowledge design (condition and action) ComponentsSecurity architecture (identity, transaction) Timing definition (interrupt and machine cycle) Knowledge definition (sub condition, step) Zachman’s Enterprise Framework