LLNL-PRES This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC Safeguards Policy Course – Monterey Institute of International Studies June 2012 Bill Moore

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  The Small Quantities Protocol (SQP) allows a NNWS that declares a lack of significant nuclear activity to hold in abeyance the implementation of most safeguards measures provided for in Part II of INFCIRC/153  A state is eligible for the SQP if it holds less than the amount of nuclear material that could be exempted from safeguards under Article 37 of INFCIRC/153 and no nuclear facilities  The SQP is an addendum to a states Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  The purpose of IAEA safeguards was verification of declared nuclear material in declared facilities  Many NNWS that ratified the NPT had no nuclear material and no nuclear activities  Limited budget and manpower within the IAEA required the development of a system to prioritize needs and reduce redundancy  Incentivize more States to join NPT by making the conclusion of a CSA less burdensome

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) negotiated and ratified Article III requires NNWS to enter into a safeguards agreement with the IAEA  Model Safeguards Agreement approved by IAEA Board of Governors (INFCIRC/153) The basis for negotiating Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements (CSA) between IAEA and NNWS

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  1974 – “The Standard Text of Safeguards Agreements in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” (GOV/INF/276) was agreed upon by the BOG A listing of changes that could be made to standard INFCIRC/153 text. The major substantive change was for NNWS that declare no “significant nuclear activities”; they could adopt the Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276 Annex B)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  1991 – Discovery of Iraq’s clandestine nuclear weapons program drives IAEA towards adopting a strengthened safeguards regime  1997 – IAEA adopts the Model Additional Protocol (AP) INFCIRC/540  2005 IAEA adopts Modified Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276/Mod.1)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  The initial declaration that a State might provide establishing its eligibility for an SQP may now be 25 years old  IAEA has no ability to verify that this initial declaration, if it exists, was or is still is true.  IAEA has no right to conduct inspections in SQP States *  IAEA has no easy mechanism to request further information

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  GOV/INF/276/Mod.1  Approved by BOG September, 2005  Purpose is to address the identified gaps in the original text  BOG agrees to only approve modified SQP going forward

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  The increased authority of the IAEA to conduct safeguards inspections in Modified SQP States STILL relies on the initial declaration. If the facility and/or material is not declared in the initial declaration, the IAEA has no authority to conduct inspections  EXCEPTION: IAEA holds the ability to conduct a special inspection (INFCIRC/153 Part 1, Article 18)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES ) Barbados 2) Belize 3) Bhutan 4) Bolivia 5) Brunei Darussalam 6) Cambodia 7) Cameroon 8) Dominica 9) Ethiopia 10) Grenada 11) Guyana 12) Lao P.D.R 13) Maldives 14) Myanmar 15) Nauru 16) Nepal 17) Oman 18) Papa New Guinea 19) St. Kitts & Nevis 20) Saint Lucia 21) St. V. & The Grandines 22) Samoa 23) Saudi Arabia 24) Sierra Leone 25) Solomon Islands 26) Sudan 27) Suriname 28) Tonga 29) Trinidad & Tobago 30) Tuvulu 31) Yemen

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES ) Antigua and Barbados 2) Azerbaijan 3) The Bahamas 4) Bahrain 5) Benin 6) Burkina Fasso 7) Burundi 8) Cape Verde 9) Central African Republic 10) Chad 11) Comoros 12) Congo 13) Costa Rica 14) Croatia 15) Djibouti 16) Dominican Republic 17) Ecuador 18) El Salvador 19) Gambia 20) Guatemala 21) Guinea 22) Holy See 23) Honduras 24) Iceland 25) Kenya 26) Lebanon 27) Lesotho 28) Madagascar 29) Malawi 30) Mali 31) Mauritius 32) Monaco 33) Montenegro 34) Mozambique 35) Nicaragua 36) Palau 37) Panama 38) Qatar 39) Republic of Moldova 40) Rwanda 41) San Marino 42) Senegal 43) Seychelles 44) Singapore 45) Swaziland 46) Tajikistan 47) The F.Y.R. of Macedonia 48) Timor-Leste 49) Togo 50) Uganda 51) United Rep. of Tanzania 52) Vanuatu 53) Zimbabwe

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES  Since the adoption by the BOG in 2005 of the Modified SQP, the IAEA has exchanged letters with SQP States and held workshops to encourage engagement  As of 2012, 53 of 84 SQP NNWS have adopted the modified text

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES QUESTIONS??