8th Grade Review “Things I should know… but that was 3 ½ years ago!!”

Explain the significance of the following dates …

1607  The English establish Jamestown (first permanent settlement) 1776  The Declaration of Independence (signed JULY 4 th 1776)

1787  US Constitution writtenin Philadelphia (creates federal government) 1803  Louisiana Purchase (bought by Thomas Jefferson)

 Civil War

Explain the roles played by the following individuals during the American Revolution …

PEOPLE Samuel Adams  Helped form the Committee of Correspondence ( This committee coordinated resistance throughout the colonies.)

PEOPLE Benjamin Franklin  Contributed to the Declaration of Independence  Contributed to the Constitution

PEOPLE King George III  King of England at the time of the American Revolution

PEOPLE Thomas Jefferson 1. Author of Declaration of Independence 2. Governor of Virginia 3. Minister to France 4. Secretary of State

PEOPLE Thomas Jefferson 5. Third President of the United States ( ) 6. Authorized the Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) as President

PEOPLE Marquis de Lafayette  French officer (assisted American forces in the War for Independence)

PEOPLE Thomas Paine  Writer (Common Sense)  Convinced many to support a complete break with Great Britain

PEOPLE George Washington 1. Army General 2. President of constitutional convention 3. First President ( )

Explain the significance of the following important documents …

DOCUMENTS Mayflower Compact  Agreement in which settlers of Plymouth Colony agreed to obey their government’s laws

DOCUMENTS Declaration of Independence  Why was it written?  “Dear John letter”  British government would not allow colonists to have the same rights as other British citizens

DOCUMENTS Declaration of Independence  Who wrote it?  Thomas Jefferson  When was it signed?  July 4 th 1776

DOCUMENTS Declaration of Independence  Main Ideas, section 1  Unalienable Rights stated ( life, liberty, pursuit of happiness )  If government fails, the people have a right to change it.

DOCUMENTS Declaration of Independence  Main Ideas, section 2  Accuses King George III of failing to uphold the rights of the colonists

DOCUMENTS Declaration of Independence  Main Ideas, section 3  States that the Colonies are an independent nation, separate from Great Britain

DOCUMENTS Articles of Confederation ( 1777, went into effect in 1781 ) WEAKNESSES Congress could not:  Regulate trade between states  Impose taxes  Amend the Articles without the approval of all 13 states

DOCUMENTS Federalist Papers  Supported the Constitution  Supported a strong national government

DOCUMENTS US Constitution ( 1787 )  3 Branches of Government 1. Executive Branch ( President, enforces laws ) 2. Legislative Branch ( Congress, makes laws ) 3. Judicial Branch ( Supreme Court, interprets law )

DOCUMENTS US Constitution ( 1787 )  Checks and Balances  System in which each of the branches of the federal government can check the actions of the other branches

DOCUMENTS US Constitution ( 1787 )  3 Examples of Unalienable Rights  Life  Liberty  The pursuit of happiness

DOCUMENTS US Constitution ( 1787 )  Popular Sovereignty  Ensures that the people hold final authority in all matters  “People power”

DOCUMENTS US Constitution ( 1787 )  Republicanism  Form of government in which the will of the people is expressed through representatives who are elected to create/enforce laws

DOCUMENTS US Constitution ( 1787 )  Federalism  Division of power between the national & state governments  Certain powers are shared by both ( concurrent )

DOCUMENTS US Constitution ( 1787 )  Before the Constitution was ratified, it required a Bill of Rights  The first 10 Amendments make up the Bill of Rights.

DOCUMENTS Bill of Rights 1. Freedom of:  Speech  Press  Religion  Assembly  Right to petition the government

DOCUMENTS Bill of Rights 2. Right to bear arms 3. Civilians will not be forced to house soldiers 4. Protection against unreasonable searches by law enforcement officers

DOCUMENTS Bill of Rights 5. Right of a person under arrest to know why he/she was arrested Right to refuse to testify against him/herself

DOCUMENTS Bill of Rights 6. Right to a speedy trial Right to a public trial by a jury of peers 7. Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

DOCUMENTS Bill of Rights 8. Protection against excessive bail Protection against cruel and unusual punishment

DOCUMENTS Bill of Rights 9. Rights not specifically listed in the Constitution are not automatically denied to the people.

DOCUMENTS Bill of Rights 10. Guarantee that the people/states are to keep those powers not specifically granted to the federal government

DOCUMENTS How did the following contribute to the Representative Government established during the Colonial time period?

DOCUMENTS Magna Carta  Signed by King John in AD 1215  Limits the power of the monarch  Taxes could not be collected without the approval of Parliament

DOCUMENTS English Bill of Rights ( 1689 )  Monarchs could not do the following without consent from Parliament:  Institute any taxes  Create any law  Maintain an army during peace time

DOCUMENTS (mas o menos) Enlightenment ( 1700s )  Use of Reason to improve society and government  Governments owed certain responsibilities to their citizens.  Government power should be limited.

DOCUMENTS (mas o menos) Distance  The Colonies were too far away.  They developed their own version of Parliament.

The American Revolution

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Why did we rebel against the British? 1. Imposing taxes without approval 2. Forcing colonists to house British soldiers 3. Denying trial by jury

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Why did we rebel against the British? 4. Prohibiting trade with other nations 5. Denying representation in Parliament

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Significant Battles  Lexington ( April 1775 )  “Shot heard ‘round the world”  Concord  Americans defeat British (Start of American Revolution)

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Significant Battles  Saratoga ( Summer 1777 )  Turning point in Revolutionary War  Convinced France to help the Colonies

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Significant Battles  Yorktown ( 1781 )  The last battle of the Revolutionary War  Cornwallis surrenders to Washington

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Treaty of Paris  Officially ended the Revolutionary War  Britain recognized the independence of the United States

The Civil War

CIVIL WAR Explain how states’ rights and the nullification crisis led to the Civil War.

CIVIL WAR States’ Rights & the Nullification Crisis  Major disputes between Southern & federal government over federalism

CIVIL WAR States’ Rights & the Nullification Crisis  Congress passes tariffs  Higher prices angered Southerners  South Carolina claims the states’ right to nullify

CIVIL WAR States’ Rights & the Nullification Crisis  They threaten to secede.  A compromise is reached…  But the Civil War is not far behind.

CIVIL WAR (afterward) Constitutional Amendments 13. Ended Slavery 14. Equal protection under the law 15. Right to vote for African American men