Introduction علم الاحياء الدقيقة Microbiology

Definition of Microbiology Microbiology: mikros (small) bios (life) logos (science

Characteristics of Microorgansims 1- size. 2- Unicellular or Multicellular (no differences in the structure) 3- Existence: everywhere (air, water, soil, corpse, plant surface, etc)

Taxonomy of microorganisms Eukaryotae: fungi,, microscopic plants (algae) and Protozoa. Prokaryotae: 1-Bacteria 2- Cyanobacteria Archaea. Viruses are acellular structure. though not strictly classified as living organisms, are also studied

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Eukaryotic cell nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion chloroplast Golgi apparatus vacuole Cell wall Plasma membrane ribosomes

Groups of microorganisms 1 1- Viruses Pass through filters Obligate parasites and can infect human, animals, plants and bacteria Electronic microscope Intracellular 2- Bacteria Unicellular Light microscope

3- Fungi Multicellular (Mushroom) or unicellular (Yeast) No chlorophyll 4- Algea Simple plants Exist as Unicell and clusters No differences in the structure and function chlorophyll – Photosynthesis Soil, water 4- Protozoa Single animal cell Human and animal diseases Groups of microorganisms 2

Benefits of microbiology 1- Antibiotics 2- Vaccine 3- Biological weapons 4- Pathology 5- Cosmetic and food 6- knowing these microorganism can protect us form disease 7- Rid of Waste and pollution 8- Help scientific of genetic engineers to understand DNA and RNA

History of Microbiology

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology, his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases such as measles and smallpox. The introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases,

Abu Bakr El-Razi. Abu Bakr El-Razi. * He was the first scientist difference between the "smallpox" and "measles", and presented a detailed description of the two diseases, and symptoms of each. Abu El-kasim El-Zhrawy. Abu El-kasim El-Zhrawy. * He is Arabian Scientist, excelled in the field of medicine. * He wrote a medical encyclopedia and wrote books on open abscess, symptoms and treatment, which are the microbial diseases.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek (1632 –1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe single- celled organisms.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek In 1676, first to observe living microbes. His single-lens magnified up to 300X صورة للميكروسكوب الذى أخترعه ليفنهوك عام 1676 الذى يكبر حتى 300 مره.

Robert Koch Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905.

Koch's postulates 1.The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms. 2.The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 3.The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. 4.The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Koch's postulates

Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur ( 1822 –1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization

Martinus Beijerinck Beijerinck (1851 –1931) was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist. He is considered one of the founders of virology. In 1898, he published results on the filtration experiments demonstrating that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium.

Sergei Winogradsky Winogradsky ( ) was a Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist. He identified the obligate anaerobe Clostridium pasteurianum, which is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.