9-4 How Can We Protect Wild Species from Premature Extinction? Concept 9-4 We can reduce the rising rate of species extinction and help to protect overall biodiversity by establishing and enforcing national environmental laws and international treaties, creating a variety of protected wildlife sanctuaries, and taking precautionary measures to prevent such harm.

International Treaties and National Laws Help to Protect Species 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species _______________ Signed by _______ countries Bans the hunting, capturing, and selling of threatened or endangered species Specifically lists… some _________ endangered species 5,000 animal and 28,000 plant species that are at risk of becoming _________________ Limitations? Enforcement _____________ from country to country CITES 175 900 endangered varies

International Treaties and National Laws Help to Protect Species Convention on Biological Diversity _______ Focuses on _________________ Includes efforts to prevent or control the spread of ________________ species Ratified by 191 countries (not the U.S.)…we are a contributing member but ratification requires a _________ to be passed. (CBD) ecosystems invasive bill

Endangered Species Act 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act ______ amended in 1982, 1985, and 1988 Identifies and protects endangered species in the U.S. and abroad National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) identifies __________ species U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) identifies all ___________ (ESA) ocean others

Endangered Species Act (2) Forbids federal agencies (except _____________) from funding or authorizing projects that jeopardize endangered or threatened species 2010: ___________ species officially listed…for these species, _____________ plans are developed Some success plans involve the American alligator, gray wolf, peregrine falcon, bald eagle, and brown pelican Provides economic _______________ for private land owners to help save endangered species living on their lands defense 1,370 recovery incentives

Science Focus: Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act (1) ESA has many critics…has only removed 46 species from the endangered list Four reasons ESA not a failure Species are listed only when in ___________ danger - would be similar to telling a hospital that they are not saving enough lives Takes ____________ to help endangered species Conditions for more than half of listed species are ______________ or _________________ 2010 budget: spends only ____________ per American critical decades stable improving 9 cents

Confiscated Products Made from Endangered Species Figure 9.20: These confiscated products were made from endangered species. Because of a scarcity of funds and inspectors, probably no more than one-tenth of the illegal wildlife trade in the United States is discovered. The situation is even worse in most other countries. Due to a lack of funds, probably only _______ of the illegal wildlife trade in the U.S. is discovered 1/10 Fig. 9-20, p. 210

Science Focus: Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act (2) Three ways to improve ESA Greatly increase _____________________ Develop recovery plans more ____________ When a species is first listed, establish the _________ of its habitat that’s critical for survival Most biologist agree that the U.S. needs a new law to focus on sustaining biodiversity and ___________ ________________ funding quickly core ecosystem health

We Can Establish Wildlife Refuges and Other Protected Areas First wildlife refuge was established in ______ by President Theodore Roosevelt at Pelican Island in ______________ to help protect the brown pelican Wildlife refuges Most are _______________ sanctuaries ____________ are needed for endangered plants Most do not receive enough funding to support their ____________ Could abandoned military lands be used for wildlife habitats? 1903 Florida wetland More staff

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Figure 9.21: The Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge in Florida was America’s first National Wildlife Refuge. It was established in 1903 to help protect the brown pelican (see photo insert) and other birds from extinction. In 2009, the brown pelican was removed from the U.S. endangered species list. Fig. 9-21a, p. 211

Gene Banks, Botanical Gardens, and Wildlife Farms Can Help Protect Species Gene or seed banks Preserve ____________ material of endangered plants Drawbacks? Expensive to operate; can be destroyed by fires or other mishaps Botanical gardens and arboreta Contain _____________ plants Drawbacks…too little space to try and contain all of our endangered plant species __________ to raise organisms for commercial sale instead of taking them from the wild genetic living Farms

Zoos and Aquariums Can Protect Some Species (1) Techniques for preserving endangered terrestrial species Egg pulling…collecting ________ eggs Captive breeding…________ (not economically _______________) Artificial insemination Embryo transfer Use of incubators Cross-fostering….when the young of one rare species is raised by a _______________ species wild zoos feasible similar

What Can You Do? Protecting Species Figure 9.22: Individuals matter. You can help prevent the extinction of species. Questions: Which two of these actions do you believe are the most important? Why? Fig. 9-22, p. 213

Case Study: Trying to Save the California Condor Largest North American bird…nearly extinct in the early 1980s with only _______ remaining in the wild Threatened by lead poisoning from ____________ present in __________________ that they were eating Birds captured and breed in captivity By 2009, ________ in the wild…a total of 348 including captive populations Expensive project…$35 million so far 22 bullets carcasses 180

The Precautionary Principle Precautionary principle: ______ to prevent or reduce harm when _____________ evidence indicates acting is needed “Better safe than sorry” Preservation of species and ecosystems act preliminary Allocating limited resources/funds Which species to focus on? Most critical habitats?

Three Big Ideas We are greatly increasing the extinction of wild species by destroying and degrading their _______________, introducing harmful _______________ species, and increasing human population _____________, _______________, climate _____________, and _________________. 2. We should avoid causing the extinction of wild species because of the ecological and economic _________________ they provide and because their existence should not depend primarily on their usefulness to us. habitats invasive growth pollution change overexploitation services

Three Big Ideas We can work to prevent the extinction of species and to protect overall biodiversity by using _______ and treaties, protecting wildlife _______________, and making greater use of the _________________ principle. laws sanctuaries precautionary

Review Questions What two main international treaties are discussed in this section? What are some methods for sustaining biodiversity and protecting species? CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CBD Convention on Biological Diversity Wildlife refuges, gene and seed banks, botanical gardens, farms, egg pulling, captive breeding, artificial insemination, cross-fostering