1. Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 12 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 12

2. Key Concepts  Human effects on extinction rates  Understanding biodiversity and extinction  How human activities endanger wildlife  Preventing extinction  Reconciliation ecology

3. Species Extinction  Local extinction  Ecological extinction  Biological extinction

4. Endangered and Threatened Species  Endangered species  Threatened (vulnerable) species From Fig. 12-3 p. 227 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Gray wolfFlorida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa) © 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

5. Extinction Rates  Background (natural) rate of extinction  Mass extinction  Extinction spasm  Extinction spasm Fig. 5-9 p. 96

6. Characteristics of Extinction Prone Species Fig. 12-4 p. 228

7. Problems Estimating Extinction Rates  Extinction not easily documented over time  Many species remain unidentified  Little is known about most identified species  Extinction not easily documented over time  Many species remain unidentified  Little is known about most identified species

8. Estimating Extinction Rates  Species-area relationships  Population viability analysis (PVA)  Minimum viable population (MVP)  Minimum dynamic area (MDA)  Species-area relationships  Population viability analysis (PVA)  Minimum viable population (MVP)  Minimum dynamic area (MDA)

9. Causes of Depletion of Wild Species  Human population growth  Endangered centers of biodiversity  Increasing per capita resource use  Environmental destruction  Spread of opportunistic species

10. Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species Fig. 12-6 p. 231

11. Importance of Wild Species  Rebuilding biodiversity is slow  Instrumental value  Genetic information  Eco-tourism  Ecological value  Intrinsic value  Rebuilding biodiversity is slow  Instrumental value  Genetic information  Eco-tourism  Ecological value  Intrinsic value

12. Habitat Loss and Degradation  Greatest threat to species  “HIPPO”  Habitat destruction  Invasive species  Population (humans) growth  Pollution  Overharvesting  Greatest threat to species  “HIPPO”  Habitat destruction  Invasive species  Population (humans) growth  Pollution  Overharvesting

13. Threats from Nonnative Species Arrival Roles of non- native species Roles of non- native species Examples (p. 235) Examples (p. 235) See Case Study p. 237 See Case Study p. 237 Fig. 12-12 p. 238 Prevention Fig. 12-12 p. 238

14. Other Extinction Threats Hunting and Poaching Predators and Pest Control Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants Climate Change and Pollution

15. Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches  International Treaties: CITES and CBD  U.S. National Laws:Lacey Act Endangered Species Act  Habitat recovery plans

16. Endangered Species Act  Private versus public poverty rights  Win-win compromises  Weaken or strengthen the Act?  Private versus public poverty rights  Win-win compromises  Weaken or strengthen the Act?

17. Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach  Wildlife refuges and protected areas  Zoos and Aquariums  Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms

18. Reconciliation Ecology  Establishing and maintaining new habitats  Being good neighbors to wildlife  Reward voluntary conservation efforts See Case Study p. 248

19. Conservation: What Can I Do? Fig. 12-16 p. 249