Unit 5 Topic 5 - Earthquakes

Earthquakes Occur when the tectonic plates move suddenly Scientists called seismologists use a seismograph to record the intensity of an earthquake ▫The seismograph must be attached to bedrock (the solid rock that lies beneath the soil and looser rocks) to feel the vibrations on the plate A marking pen, inside the seismograph, records the vibrations on a rotating drum (modern seismographs are electronic) The measurement scale used is called the Richter scale

Earthquakes Ancient Seismograph Modern Seismograph Power of Earthquakes

Waves Seismic Waves are the actual waves that travel Aftershocks are mini earthquakes occurring after the initial one How far will it go?

Types of Waves Primary or p waves are the fastest and can push through solids, liquids and gases Secondary or s waves travel more slowly and can only pass through solids Surface waves are the slowest of all, but their rolling motion can be very destructive (like a ripple effect on water) Primary waves are bent or refracted as they travel (the area where they do not come through the other side of the earth is called a shadow zone

Locating Earthquakes It is possible to determine the location of an earthquake by the interval between the p waves and the s waves (the farther apart they are, the further away the earthquake is The source of an earthquake deep in the crust is called the focus, where the p waves and s waves originate The surface waves come from the epicentre (the location on the surface directly above the focus)

Zones The zones of greatest intensity (8 or more on the Richter scale) - 1 off Canada's west coast - 8 in Mexico - 8 in Alaska

Types of Rock Movement Where the plates meet, the rock is under great pressure, which can make it bend and stretch - when the pressure is too great, the rock breaks suddenly creating a fault There are three types of movement, of the tectonic plates, along a fault (see Figure 5.54, p. 403) ▫Normal Faults, (pulling action, which breaks rocks apart)  North Atlantic ▫Reverse Faults (compression, where rocks are squeezed, causing them to bend and break)  Marianas Trench, near Japan ▫Strike-Slip or Transform Faults (shear causes slipping, which makes the jagged edges break off)  Pacific Plate

Other Effects Tsunamis Avalanches Rock Slides

Ancient Times How did they predict Earthquakes? Animals! ▫Rabbits hop wildly for several minutes ▫Deep-sea fish swim close to the surface ▫Catfish jump out of the water ▫Bees evacuate their hives ▫Mice are dazed before an earthquake

Unit 5 Topic 6 - Volcanoes

Volcanoes A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust that releases lava, steam and ash when it erupts (becomes active) The openings are called vents When volcanoes are not active they are called dormant

Famous Ones Mount Etna – last year in Italy, unexpectedly Most active volcano on the Earth is Kilauea in Hawaii ▫Loihi is a new volcano forming beside the main island in Hawaii - creating a new island Krakatau, in Indonesia (blast was heard 4800km away and tsunamis waves were 30 m high) Mount St. Helens, in Washington (sideways and vertical eruptions) - Mount Vesuvius, in southern Italy (City of Pompeii was buried Mount Pinatubo, in the Philippines (ash circled the globe and cooled temperatures around the world)

The Ring of Fire Volcanoes that form a circle around the Pacific Ocean are called the Ring of Fire (derived from the circle of volcanoes that pour out red hot lava, fire and steam)

Space…Volcanoes? There are volcanoes on other planets! The largest volcano found in our universe is the extinct Olympus Mons on Mars Some of Venus volcanoes are still erupting

Mount Olympus