Chapter 17: Therapy Overview of Modern Therapy

What are the two major approaches to therapy? List the four types of psychotherapy. What is the role of the therapist in humanistic therapy? What is the major difference between humanistic and cognitive therapy?

Definition of treatment When is treatment necessary? Inpatient vs. outpatient Psychotherapy vs. biomedical

Modern Therapy The Medical Model – “Madness” is a mental illness that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured – Has links to modern insights into genetic causes of disorders and modern biomedical treatments

Modern Therapy The Bio-Psycho-Social Model – Behavior is the result of interaction between nature and nurture – To attribute a disorder to “illness” is to say that the cause is purely internal

Two approaches: – Psychotherapy A planned, emotionally charged interaction between a trained, socially sanctioned healer and the sufferer Modern Therapy

Two approaches: – Biomedical Therapy Drug therapies and medical procedures designed to cure the mental illness

Psychotherapies: – Over 250 types of psychotherapies exist – The most influential: Psychoanalysis Humanistic Therapy Cognitive Therapy Behavior Therapy Modern Therapy } Insight Therapy

Biomedical Treatments: – Drug Therapy – Electro-convulsive shock therapy – Psychosurgery Modern Therapy

Psychoanalysis Assumptions: – Psychological problems are fueled by repressed impulses and conflicts – Analysis brings these thoughts to the surface which relieves the sufferer of anxiety

Psychoanalysis Methods: – Historical reconstruction Unearth the cause of conflict by reconstructing the past – Free association Say whatever comes to mind on a given topic Therapist looks for “resistance” in the form of hesitation, jokes, self-editing, or embarrassment Therapist interprets the underlying meaning of the resistance – Transference Directing your hidden feelings and wishes towards your therapist

Psychoanalysis Criticisms: – Based on the assumption that repressed memories exist – Interpretations are hard to refute – Takes a lot of time and money

Humanistic Therapy

Assumptions: – People have an inherent potential for self-fulfillment – Helping people grow in self- awareness is the key to mental health

Humanistic Therapy Methods: – Client Centered Therapy Non-directive Genuineness, acceptance, empathy Active listening

Humanistic Therapy Criticisms: – One cannot be totally nondirective – Overly optimistic about human nature – Cannot help in severe cases

Cognitive Therapy Assumptions: – Thinking greatly colors feelings and actions

Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom. Viktor E. Frankl Viktor E. Frankl

Everything can be taken from a man or a woman but one thing: the last of human freedoms to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one's own way. Viktor E. Frankl Viktor E. Frankl

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive-behavior interatction Belief: “I’m not a good test taker” Action: Anxiety- induced poor test performance Causes Reinforces

Cognitive Therapy Methods: – Rational-emotive therapy Works to uncover irrationalities in thought – Cognitive-behavior therapy Addresses destructive cycle of thoughts and actions

Cognitive Therapy Criticisms: – Not effective for severe cases – Lack of patient buy-in could cause progress to fail after therapy

Behavior Therapies Assumptions: – The behavior is the problem – Doubt the healing power of self- awareness

Behavior Therapies Methods: – Classical Conditioning Systematic desensitization Aversive conditioning – Operant Conditioning Token economy

Behavior Therapies Criticisms: – Does not get to the root of the problem – “Cure” only effective during treatment, when reinforcement stops so will appropriate behavior – Ethical concerns of behavior modification?

Biomedical Therapy Drug therapy – Anti-psychotics – Anti-anxiety – Anti-depressants

Biomedical Therapy Electro-convulsive shock therapy (ECT) Psycho-surgery – Lobotomy

Biomedical Therapy Criticisms – Addresses symptoms without addressing the cause – By itself, not as effective in long term behavior correction