Reproduction! Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction involves only 1 parent offspring genetically identical to parent involves regular body cells It’s quick Sexual Reproduction involves 2 parents offspring genetic mix of both parents involves specialized sex cells It’s slow

Asexual Reproduction Binary fission happens in bacteria, amoeba, some algae one parent cell splits into 2 identical daughter cells

Vegetative Reproduction   Vegetative Reproduction

Budding  In this method a bud like projection is formed on the body of the organism. The bud then develops into a new individual. It then separates from the parent and forms an independent individual. Ex: Hydra, Yeast etc.

Budding Budding happens in yeast, hydra, corals parent produces a bud bud gets detached and develops into offspring which is identical to parent

Plantlets New plant can grow on the leaf on the parent plant.

Tubers Tubers = enlarged part of underground stem that store food Ex: Potatoes Tuber info from http://www.foodsubs.com/Tubers.html

Runners Runners are side shoots which grow out from the parent plant. Buds form at points along the runner and eventually these buds form roots and grow into new plants. Examples: spider plant, strawberry

Cutting They can be placed in moist soil or water (and sometimes Cuttings are small pieces of stem with some leaves attached, the new plant grows from this. SQA- Describe ways of propagating flowering plants artificially by cuttings and graftings Source counties.cce.cornell.edu/.../propagation.htm They can be placed in moist soil or water (and sometimes dipped in rooting powder).

Fragmentation New organism from part of the parent

Regeneration Regeneration is when an organism can regrow a missing part.

Cloning Cloning is the production of 1 or more individual plants or animals (whole or in part) that are genetically identical to an original plant or animal. Some concerns are held for all forms of cloning, others are specific to one form or the other

Some Organisms do Both most plants that produce seeds (sexual reproduction) can also reproduce asexually by things like cuttings or runners this gives them an advantage for survival mosses sponges and hydra Mosses produce asexual spores in the early part of their life cycle and then egg and sperm cells are produced in a later part of the same cycle.

What is needed for Sexual Reproduction? Gametes: these are sex cells Sperm Cell: holds the male DNA Egg Cell: holds the female DNA Sex Cells only have ½ the set of chromosomes All other cells in our body are called autosomes and they have a full set of chromosomes.

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Sexual Reproduction in Plants Female Parts Male Parts (Pistil) pollen (male) + ovule (female) → single-celled zygote → multi-celled embryo (contained in a seed) → new individual

Sexual Reproduction in Plants stamen is the male part and contains pollen pistil is the female part and contains ovule (eggs) pollen grains from the anther are transferred to the stigma by the process of pollination self pollination (plant pollinates its own eggs) cross pollination (pollen from one plant pollinates another plants eggs)

Pollination flowers are designed to lure insects to help with the pollination process also wind, animals, birds can transport pollen

Which is Better? It depends! Asexual Reproduction advantages does not require special cells or a lot of energy can produce offspring quickly in a stable environment creates large, thriving population disadvantages limited ability to adapt face massive die-off if environment changes Sexual Reproduction advantages lots of variation within a species able to live in a variety of environmental settings able to adapt to changes in the environment disadvantages needs time & energy produce small populations