1. Asexual Reproduction
© Lisa Michalek

2. Asexual Reproduction Results from the mitotic cell division (Mitosis).
One cell (parent cell) divides into two identical daughter cells.
The offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell.
There is no fusing (joining) of cells in this type of reproduction.

3. Unicellular and multicellular plants can reproduce both asexually and sexually.
Common types of asexual reproduction include:
Binary Fission
Budding
Sporulation
Regeneration
Vegetative Propagation
cloning

4. Binary Fission Simplest type of asexual reproduction.
A one-celled organism divides by mitosis to form two daughter cells of equal size.
Both the nucleus and cytoplasm divide equally.
The chromosomes of the offspring are identical to that of the parent.

5. Binary Fission

6. Binary Fission
Example organisms: amebas, paramecia, bacteria

7. Budding A new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent.
The new organism, called the bud, is a tiny duplicate of the parent organism.
The nucleus divides equally and the cytoplasm divides unequally.
The bud and the parent may separate from each other or may remain together and form a colony.

8. Budding
Unicellular organism: Yeast
Multicellular organism: Hydra

9. Sporulation
Spores are specialized asexual reproductive cells that contain a nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm.
Spores are surrounded by tough protective coats that enable them to survive in extreme heat or cold, for long periods of time.
When environmental conditions become favorable, each spore can develop into a new organism.

10. Sporulation
Formation of spores occurs in bread mold, mushrooms, mosses and ferns.

11. Regeneration
The development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism.
Example: In starfish, a single arm can develop into a new starfish.
Starfish eat oysters and oyster fishermen once tried to kill starfish by cutting them into pieces. Instead of dying, each starfish piece grew into a new starfish.

12. Regeneration can also mean the replacement of lost body parts.
Regeneration of lost body parts occurs mostly in invertebrates.
Example: Lobsters are able to grow a new claw to replace one that has been lost.
Other Examples: planaria and sponges

13. Vegetative Propagation
A form of asexual plant reproduction.
A part of a plant– a root, stem, or leaf, grows into a new plant.
The new plant is exactly the same as the parent plant.
Seedless fruits and vegetables have to be reproduced by this method.
Growers use this type of reproduction because it is fast, easy to use, and usually successful.

14. Natural Vegetative Propagation
Tubers – Underground stems that contain stored food.
White potatoes are tubers. The “eyes” of the potato are buds, which can develop into new plants.

15. Natural Vegetative Propagation
Runners – Stems that grow out over the surface of the soil from the existing stem.
At points along the runner, new plants grow.
Runners occur in strawberries and some grasses.

16. Natural Vegetative Propagation
Rhizomes – Long, modified stems that grow horizontally under the soil.
New plants are produced at nodes along the stem.
Lawn grasses, ferns, and irises reproduce by rhizomes.

17. Natural Vegetative Propagation
Bulbs – Underground stems specialized for food storage.
The food is stored in the thick leaves of the bulb.
Each bulb can develop into a new plant.
Onions are bulbs.

18. Artificial Vegetative Propagation
Occurs as the result of human activities.
Cuttings – pieces of roots, stems, or leaves develop into new plants under proper conditions.
Roses, sugar cane, and bananas are propagated this way.

19. Artificial Vegetative Propagation
Grafting – A cutting from one plant, called the scion, is attached to the main body of a rooted plant, the stock.
The scion keeps its own identity.
Seedless oranges and grapes are propagated by grafting.

20. __________ __________in Animals
involves specialized sex cells called _______
the union of a male and female gamete results in the formation of a ________ that develops into a new individual

21. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
______ (male) + ______ (female) → single-celled zygote → multi-celled embryo (contained in a _____) → ____ ________

22. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
stamen is the male part and contains pollen
carpels or pistil is the female part and contains ovule (eggs)
pollen grains from the anther are transferred to the stigma by the process of pollination
self pollination (plant pollinates its own eggs)
cross pollination (pollen from one plant pollinates another plants eggs)

23. Some Organisms do Both
most plants that produce _______ (sexual reproduction) can also reproduce ________ by things like ________ or _______
this gives them an advantage for survival
sponges and hydra
mosses

24. Which is Better? It depends!
Asexual Reproduction
advantages
does not require special cells or a lot of energy
can produce offspring quickly
in a stable environment creates large, thriving population
disadvantages
limited ability to adapt
face massive die-off if environment changes
Sexual Reproduction
advantages
lots of variation within a species
able to live in a variety of environmental settings
able to adapt to changes in the environment
disadvantages
needs time & energy
produce small populations