1. 2.2 Reproduction
Reproduction is critical for the survival of a species. There are 2 types of reproduction.
Asexual
Sexual

2. What is Asexual Reproduction?
Asexual Reproduction: involves only one parent and doesn’t require the fusion of sex cells
The offspring is identical to its parent

3. 4 Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission: when cell splits in 2, producing 2 identical individuals

4. 2. Budding: When a unicellular parent cell produces an offspring by forming a protrusion of itself.

5. 3. Spore Production: Producing reproductive cells through cell divisions of parent cells
Spores are similar to seeds, but are produced when the parent cells split apart, rather than when they are joined.
Spores develop into plants IDENTICAL to the parent plant.

6. Reproduction Without Seeds
Vegetative Reproduction: reproduction of seed plants that does not involve the production of seeds
Reproduce from:
Stems and roots
Runners: long stems that grow along the soil of the surface and produce new plants (ex) raspberries
Rhizomes: stems that grow underground stems and produce new plants

7. Cuttings A piece of a plant that is used to make a new plant
usually a stem and few leaves

8. Grafting
A technology to reproduce plants that involve attaching part of one plant to a second plant

9. What is Sexual Reproduction?
Sexual Reproduction: reproduction involving the exchange of genetic material between two individuals resulting in offspring that are genetically different from the parents.

10. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction relies on the union of sex cells called gametes
Offspring of the parents will have mixed characteristics

11. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Male gametes are called sperm
Female gametes are called egg cells or ova
When a sperm and egg cell come together this is called fertilization
Only 1 sperm cell can fertilize an egg cell

12. The cell created through fertilization is called a zygote
A zygote is formed right when the 1 sperm cell enters the egg
The egg then gives off a chemical that keeps the other sperm from fertilizing it
The zygote is the first cell of a new individual

13. The zygote then divides into 2 cells
Divisions are repeated through a process called cleavage
The zygote then turns into a multi-cellular embryo
Depending on the species the development of the embryo can occur inside the female parent or outside the parents in an egg

15. What is pollination?
Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the male pollen sacs to the female stigma

16. Function of flower
To attract pollinators with colorful petals, scent, nectar and pollen
9B ended here

17. The Parts of a Flower

18. Reproductive floral organs: female
Stigma – is where pollen sticks to
Style – is the long tube that connects stigma to ovary and contains the pollen tube
Ovary – enlarged structure at the base of style that protects the ovule.
Ovules – contains female part of the seed plant that becomes the seed

19. Sexual reproduction
In animals is easy because you have separate male and female individuals.
In flowering plants it’s not so easy, because most flowers have both male and female parts in them, called perfect flowers.

20. Strategies to avoid self-pollination
Perfect flowers have both male and female organs, so plants have strategies to avoid self-pollination:
1. Timing – male and female structures mature at different times
2. Structure –male and female organs prevent self-pollination (imperfect flower)
3. Biochemical – chemical on surface of pollen and stigma that stops the pollen tube from being formed in the same flower

22. Pollination and Fertilization
For pollen to successfully fertilize the egg, there must be cross-pollination
Pollen sticks to the stigma, starts growing a pollen tube
Cross-Fertilization begins when tube begins to grow toward the egg

23. How do plants get pollen from one plant to another?
Because plants are rooted in the ground, they must use different strategies:
WIND POLLINATION
ANIMALS

24. ANIMAL POLLINATORS
Many flowering plants rely on animals for cross-pollination:
Insects – bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, moths
Birds – hummingbirds, honey creepers
Mammals – bats, mice, monkeys
Even some reptiles and amphibians!

25. A word about pollen…
The shape and form of pollen is related to its method of pollination…
Insect-pollinated species have sticky of barbed pollen grains
Wind-pollinated species is lightweight, small and smooth (corn pollen)

26. Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Are able to reproduce rapidly
(ex) strep
(ex) white blood cells
Limited variation
If conditions become unfavourable whole populations can be wiped out
Puts all energy into reproduction of itself

27. Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Reproduce a lot slower
(ex) human’s
Provides lots of variation
Takes a lot of energy into making enough gametes so that fertilization can occur
Have a limited amount of offspring
(ex) sperm and pollen

28. Organisms that reproduce Asexually AND Sexually
Some species can reproduce both sexually and asexually
(ex) aphids
During the growing season, females reproduce asexually producing more females (asexual)
Over the summer these female young mature
in the fall asexually produce male and female offspring
Males and females mate and lay eggs for a new colony that hatches in the spring