Perception

Perception: is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Factors Influencing Perception: 1.) Perceiver 2.) Target 3.) Situation

Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

Attribution Theory Two Types of Causes: 1) Internal 2) External

Three Factors of the Attribution Theory: 1. ) Distinctiveness 2 Three Factors of the Attribution Theory: 1.) Distinctiveness 2.) Consensus 3.) Consistency

Self Serving Bias

Fundamental Attribution Error

Shortcuts in Judging Others: 1.) Selective Perception 2.) Halo Effect 3.) Contrast Effects 4.) Projection 5.) Stereotyping

Specific Applications in Organizations: 1.) Employment Interview 2.) Performance Expectations (Self Fulfilling Prophecy) 3.) Performance Evaluation 4.) Employee Effort

Perception & Individual decision Making 1 Top Managers Middle & Lower level Non Managerial Employees Decision making in Organizations Rational Decision making Bounded Rationality Intuition

Common Biases & errors in Decision Making 1 Over Confidence Bias Anchoring Bias Confirmation Bias Availability Bias Escalation of commitment Randomness error Winner’s curse Hindsight Bias

1)Individual Differences Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences & Organizational Constraints 1)Individual Differences - Personality - Gender

2) Organizational Constraints - Performance evaluation - Reward System - Formal Regulations - System - Imposed Time Constraints - Historical precedents

Ethical Decision Making ? Ethical Decision Criteria: Utilitarianism Rights Justice Improving Creativity in Decision making:-