UNIT 5 LESSON 8 Some of the information repeats from Lesson 7 (but this is the new and improved version)

STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO…  Discuss the 3 rd Agricultural Revolution, Green Revolution, and Agribusiness

3 RD AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION  Commercial agriculture: “Crops and livestock that are farmed for cash and are considered commodities, intended to be exchanged for payment; more likely to focus on one or two items in order to gain a maximum return on investment” (Malinowski & Kaplan, 2014, p. G-1).  Dates are always flexible for most of these things  Technically started in late 19 th century  One textbook states 1930’s, another says 1950’s  Three Phases (No, you don’t have to memorize this, but it’s an easier way to learn it)  Mechanization  Chemical Farming  Food manufacturing

MECHANIZATION  Widespread replacement of human labor with farm labor.  Occurs in U.S. 1880s and 1890s  Occurs widespread post World War II in Europe  Has not occurred in a lot of countries, especially to the extent it has in the U.S.  Tractors are a key aspect of mechanization  Tractors, combines, reapers, pickers, and other machines also are part of it.

CHEMICAL FARMING  Wide spread use in U.S. 1950’s, Europe in 1960’s, semi- periphery 1970’s  Application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil  Herbicides: Toxic to plants and used to destroy unwanted vegetation  Fungicides: Chemical the destroys fungus  Pesticides: Used to destroy insects or other organisms harmful to plants or to animals  Significant environmental concerns as a result  Runoff into oceans

Use is occurring more in semi- periphery and periphery countries than core countries. Core countries are still the largest users (Knox & Marston)

FOOD MANUFACTURING  Mechanization & Chemical Farming Deal with outputs  Food Manufacturing deals with working with the output  Food manufacturing: “adds economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments-processing, canning, refining, packing, packaging, and on-occurring off the farm and before the products reach the market” (Knox & Marston, 2013, p. 269).  Combining the economic sectors of agriculture & manufacturing  Think back to the pineapples; they’re processed where they are grown  You make more money the less people that are involved in a process

AGRIBUSINESS  Agribusiness: “A large company that owns the land and hires individuals to cultivate crops or raise livestock” (Malinowski and Kaplan, 2013).  These are corporations, not typically individual farmers, but there are still individual farmers who do food manufacturing.  Think: Tyson, Butterball, and suppliers to companies like McDonalds  Will hirer other farmers, but will have a standardized process  Focus on efficiency and lower prices  Criticism regarding over crowding and over use of antibiotics  Some use growth hormones, such a steroids to make animals bigger and fatter faster

ORGANIC FARMING (TYPICALLY IN RESPONSE AGAINST AGRIBUSINESS) Some countries, like the EU, won’t allow U.S. beef imports because of the use of growth hormones. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines “organically grown” as using no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides (so manure is okay) This is a commercial for an organic beef company.

GREEN REVOLUTION (FALLS UNDER 3 RD AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION)  1960’s Core Countries began exporting fertilizers and high- yielding seeds to the periphery and semi-periphery  Mostly Asia and Mexico to boost global production  Essentially providing western farming methods to subsistence agricultural regions  Increased yields….BUT…..  Really expensive, very few can afford it and concentrated wealth in some areas (the inputs are expensive)  Culturally disenfranchised women

BIO REVOLUTION (ALSO FALLS UNDER 3 RD AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION)  Biorevolution: “involves the genetic engineering of plants and animals” some argue it will outstrip the Green Revolution in terms of worldwide production (Knox & Marston, 2013).  Field starts with Mendel in 1800’s, but has really thrived in last fifty-sixty years.  Uses biotechnology: “Technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to improve, make, or modify plants and animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses” (Knox & Marston, 2013).  Think back to the corn video; some corns have higher yields or might be resistant to types of insects

This is probably easier for you to look at on your own from the power point.