Housing China’s Billion People: Policy and Process 中国的住房规划：政策与程序 Aprodicio A. Laquian 普劳德. 拉奎因 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholar 梧卓威尔逊国际交流中心 Module 5: Urban Housing 第五讲：城市住房

中国概况 (1) The General Situation in China (1) Population Urbanization level: 32.1% Total1,277,558,0001,417,220,000 Urban409,965,000576,634,000 Rural867,593,000841,086,000

中国概况 (2) The General Situation in China (2) Annual population growth rate Population below poverty line 6% ( ) GDP per capita: US$ 3,105 Rate(%)Period Total Urban Rural

世界各国关于住房的基本思路 Basic Housing Philosophies of Countries All over the World Housing is a basic human right. The state is responsible for providing housing to all citizens. Housing is an economic commodity and a private economic good that can be freely traded in the market. Role of the state is that of a regulator and facilitator. “Two track” housing philosophy: For upper income people, housing is a commodity; For lower income people, state has to assist them in gaining access to housing and basic urban services.

中国住房状况的演变 (1) Evolution of the Housing Situation in China 1950s s1980s s Social- Economic Context Heavy Indus- trialization Soviet-style Planning Strict Population And migration controls Market- oriented Housing reform; Rapid urban growth Rapid Urbanization Two-tract housing program Housing Problems Shortage Of housing Huge housing Deficits Uncontrolled development Availability Access Adequacy Affordability

中国住房状况的演变 (2) Evolution of the Housing Situation in China 1950s s1980s s Housing Solutions Mass Housing production Neglect of housing Mass housing Production Commodity housing Housing experiments Inner City Redevelopment “Comfortable home” program Spatial Effects Workers’ Villages Housing near worksites Chaotic spread of housing Reduced housing in inner city Expansion of housing in suburbs Improved inner city housing Suburban housing complexes

中国住房状况的演变 (3) Evolution of the Housing Situation in China 1950s s1980s s Housing Delivery Systems Centrally managed Housing agencies Centrally managed agencies Work units Commodity housing program Work units Commodity housing program Dominant Actors in Housing City planners Economic planners Households Work Units Real Estate Development Corporations Work Units Real Estate Development Corporations

三类住房产业 The Three Housing Sectors Work Unit Housing Rental Housing Employer Provided Open Market Joint Ventures Squatters Slums Homeless Public Housing Private Housing Aided Self-Help Illegal Subdivisions Popular Housing

综合性城市规划中的住房政策 (1) Policy Issues Related to the Role of Housing in Comprehensive Planning (1) Location of housing. Advantages and disadvantages of following housing locations: 1. Rural areas – “leaving the land but not the village” 2. Small towns – will people stay in small towns because of housing provision? 3.In small and intermediate cities – planning self- sufficient local units 4. In inner city areas of metropolitan region 5. In peripheral areas of metropolitan regions

综合性城市规划中的住房政策 (2) Policy Issues Related to the Role of Housing in Comprehensive Planning (2) Linking housing to urban infrastructure “Clustered housing” – using housing to control urban sprawl Zoning and subdivision regulations as instruments of land use control Cultural conservation and housing.

住房与城市规划专业人员的角色 Role of the Housing and Planning Professional Analysis and understanding of role of housing in a planned urban environment Advocacy planning. providing policy recommendations to top officials Facilitator – assisting citizens, especially the poor, in gaining access to affordable housing. Communicator – informing the public about key policy issues related to housing and its role in development