Chapter 6 CLIMATE, TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY, & AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY

1.What is the difference between weather and climate? 2.What determines the temperature of a location on Earth? 3.What causes the seasons? Warm-Up

5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

1. Uneven Heating of the Earth

5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

2. Seasons

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5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

3. Rotation of Earth

5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

4. Variations in solar output

Sun Spots

4. Variations in solar output ltime/gif/ ltime/gif/

5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

5. Properties of air and land

Valley (in-land) cities

5. Properties of air and land Coastal cities

5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

Vine Day Saturday, December 13 from 9 AM – 12 PM at George Lorimer Preserve Cutting invasive vines to save many mature trees Bring protective clothing, gloves and, if you have them, tools such as loppers, pruners and hand saws

Warm-Up 1. What is El Nino? 2. What is the greenhouse effect? Is it good or bad? 3. What is the ozone layer? How have humans affected it?

How do ocean currents affect regional climates?

Ocean Currents

In which direction is the warm water flowing? How does that affect the climate?

Ocean Upwellings

Ocean Upwelling

El Niño – a disruption of the ocean/atmosphere system in the Pacific Ocean Has important consequences for weather and climate around the globe El Niño

Normal Conditions Wind blows from east to west (right to left) –Creates an upwelling along the western coast of South America –Pushes water to western Pacific –Causes LOTS of rain (monsoons & snow in Himalaya Mountains)

The Normal Pacific

Normal Conditions

Normal Conditions vs. El Niño

Normalconditions El Nino conditions

El Niño orldOfChange/enso.php orldOfChange/enso.php

How does the chemical make-up of the atmosphere lead to the greenhouse effect?

What are greenhouse gases? Atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, which warms the air Examples: –CO 2 –H2O–H2O–H2O–H2O –CH 4 –NO 2 –CFCs

Are greenhouse gases GOOD or BAD? THEY’RE BOTH GOOD - without greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too cold for life BAD - too many greenhouse gases may lead to global warming

Where do greenhouse gases come from? ALL OF US!!! Burning fossil fuels releases: –CO 2 –H2O–H2O–H2O–H2O –NO 2 Cows release methane (CH 4 ) Various refrigerants use CFCs

Ozone Depletion Is this what the hole in the ozone layer looks like? NO!

Ozone Videos gIdr8 gIdr8 mg4WKY mg4WKY

Rain Shadow Effect

Molokai, Hawaii wind

What’s the difference between a climate and a biome? Climate: physical properties (temperature and precipitation) of an area over a long period of time Biome: areas on Earth that are inhabited by certain types of organisms

Desert Biomes

Characteristics typically < 25 cm (10 in) annual precipitation cover 30% of the world’s land surface especially found at 30° N and 30° S latitude largest deserts on interiors of continents © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

30º N 30º S

Deserts

Desert Biomes Desert Organisms sparse, widely spaced, mostly low vegetation plants typically deep–rooted shrubs with small leaves, succulents, or short–lived species that flourish after rain animals typically nocturnal & have physical adaptations for conserving water & dealing with heat.

Grassland Biomes Figs. 6–14 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Grassland Biomes Characteristics sufficient rainfall to support grass, but too dry for forests mostly found on interiors of continents maintained by seasonal drought, grazing, & periodic fires that prevent shrubs & trees invasion © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Grassland Biomes Characteristics – –plants include high diversity of grasses & herbaceous plants; typically have resistance to drought, grazing, & fire – –animals include large & small herbivores, along with predators adapted to feed on these herbivores

Forest Biomes Fig. 6–17 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Forest Biomes Characteristics: sufficient rainfall to support trees types: -Tropical – typically broadleaf evergreen trees with high diversity -Temperate – typically deciduous broadleaf tree with moderate diversity -Boreal – typically conifers with low diversity © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Forest Biomes Characteristics: various layers: -Emergent – tree tops that break through the canopy -Canopy – “roof” of forest of full grown trees. -Understory – dark and composed of tree saplings -Forest Floor – dark, not crowded

Precipitation TemperatureWetModerateDry Hot Temperate Cold

Precipitation TemperatureWetModerateDry Hot Tropical Forest Tropical Grassland Tropical Desert Temperate Temperate Forest Temperate Grassland Temperate Desert Cold Polar Forest Polar Grassland Polar Desert

Mountain Biomes Characteristics – –diversity of habitat because of diverse topography – –make up 20% of Earth's surface – –each 100 m (~300 ft) gain in elevation is about equal to 100 km (~62 mi) change in latitude – –mountain regions contain majority of world's forests – –timberline: elevation above which trees do not grow – –gradually release melting ice, snow, and water to streams

Important Biome Concepts everything is connected incoming solar radiation determines global temperature & precipitation patterns temperature & precipitation are major determinants of distribution of organisms