Mon., 12/3 Something to think about…READ it, write a paragraph. Mon., 12/3 Something to think about…READ it, write a paragraph. When you’re in a crowd, look around at all the different people. Notice their clothes, faces, hair, sizes. Look at their gestures and movements, noticing if they are loose, stiff, or free. Just take it in, without judgment, as if you were looking at a garden of people. Then see them all as energy fields, the same as you. Just energy. As you continue watching, think to yourself, Every person here has had to live every day, decide what to wear, face loss, success, hurt, shame, just like me. Everyone fell down while learning to walk, everyone probably felt anxious on their first day of school, just like me. Each person has a story to tell. Some of the chapters are heroic. Some of them are about loss, some about fear, some about achievement or joy, just like my story. When you encounter someone, remember that you are a moment in their story. Make it a story that doesn’t leave a scar.

How would you ORGANIZE these items into categories?How would you ORGANIZE these items into categories?

17. 1 KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities!

Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. the science of naming and classifying organisms A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system. White oak: Quercus alba

–2-part scientific name –Latin/Greek –ALWAYS underline or italics !!!

–Includes 1 or more species –Species in same genus = closely related –Genus name is ALWAYS CAPITALIZED!!! Ex: Ex: 2 nd part of scientific name ALWAYS lowercase always follows genus name, (never written alone) Ex: Tyto alba

So, What’s the big deal?!?!?!So, What’s the big deal?!?!?! –Some species have very similar common names. –Some species have many common names.

Unique to the organism!Unique to the organism! Ex: Ex: INTERNATIONAL use!INTERNATIONAL use!

K P C O F G S

7 levels, each included in the 1 above it. Kingdom = general;  Species = specific What’s the order????

13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships YOUR Classification! Homo sapiens –Kingdom – Animalia –Phylum – Chordata –Class – Mammalia –Order – Primate –Family – Hominidae –Genus – Homo –Species – sapiens

The Linnaean classification system has limitations!! Didn’t include molecular evidence.Didn’t include molecular evidence. –Technology didn’t exist yet –Based only on physical similarities.

Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships.Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. RED PANDA RED PANDA  ACTUALLY: closer to raccoon than panda!ACTUALLY: closer to raccoon than panda! Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships!Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships!

REVIEW! How do you properly write a scientific name? (use any example!)How do you properly write a scientific name? (use any example!) –1 st part = –2 nd part = Which two are more closely related:Which two are more closely related: –Ursus maritimus –Ursus americanus –Bufo americanus

Geological Time Scale Activity PBS Videos

17.2 KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry!!! 1.Phylogeny: the evolutionary history for a group of species. 4. Use evidence from: living species, fossil record, and molecular dataliving species, fossil record, and molecular data

Diagrams? 2. Phylogenetic trees –Scientific diagram, biologists use to classify species & common ancestors Constructed by identifying –(#3) evolutionary relationships Speciation = branch Extinction = loss of branch!

Ex. - Phylogenetic tree Some show time & order

Hmmm… Which groups are most closely related?Which groups are most closely related? Which groups are least closely related? Which groups are least closely related? Which group diverged first (longest ago) in the lineage? Which group diverged first (longest ago) in the lineage?

Cladogram = evolutionary tree made using cladistics. group of species that share a common ancestor.

–Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. BUT… BUT… –Each species also has traits that have changed over time

Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. –classification based on common ancestry –species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

group of species that share a common ancestor. “New” trait Evolution: more related = share more traits Arranging Branch splits Branch splits off Represents most recent common ancestor of a cladeRepresents most recent common ancestor of a clade

Derived characters = traits shared in different degrees by clade members. –more closely related species share more derived characters –hash marks FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS Tetrapoda clade 1 Amniota clade 2 Reptilia clade 3 Diapsida clade 4 Archosauria clade 5 EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE DERIVED CHARACTER

FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS Tetrapoda clade 1 Amniota clade 2 Reptilia clade 3 Diapsida clade 4 Archosauria clade 5 EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE NODE DERIVED CHARACTER CLADE p. 527— Which groups are in the amniota clade? Who’s more closely related to turtles…rabbits or birds?

Molecular dataMolecular data –may confirm classification based on physical similarities. –Or…lead scientists to propose a NEW classification! So, Scientists use a VARIETY of evidence, right?!?!?! DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

Let’s Practice this so it makes sense! 1. Critter Cladogram Activity –BY YOURSELF! 2. Another one with REAL data! Page 529 –BY YOURSELF!