1. Classification

2. Taxonomy Taxonomy is the classification and naming of organisms
Each organism is given a universally accepted name
Placing similar organisms into similar categories
Teacher  Biology teacher, Spanish teacher, History Teacher
Classes  Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth/Space
Grades  Freshman, Sophomores, Juniors, Seniors

3. Studying Organisms
Phylogeny – study of evolutionary relationships among organisms
Cladogram – diagram based on derived characteristic

4. What Do You Call This?

5. Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system
uses Latin words
two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

6. The art of naming… A genus includes one or more very similar species.
Species within the same genus are thought to be closely related
Genus name is always capitalized, italics
A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name.
always lowercase, italics
always follows genus name
Tyto alba

9. Linnaeus’ Classification System
7 Levels
Each level is included in the level above it.
Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

10. Wait, domain? Domain: is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms
Archaea
Bacteria
Single-celled
No nucleus
Eukarya
Most are multicellular
Nucleus

11. Organisms that share more levels of classification in common are more related

12. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.
Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships.
Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.
previously placed in raccoon/bear family
Not closely related to giant panda
More closely related to weasels

13. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species.
evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data
shown with branching tree diagrams

14. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics.
A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor.
Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor.
Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

15. basis of arranging species in cladogram
Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members.
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW
FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
DERIVED CHARACTER
basis of arranging species in cladogram
more closely related species share more derived characters
represented on cladogram as hash marks