All of the following were important precursors to the Scientific Revolution except Renaissance artists Enlightenment philosophers technological advances Hermetic magic ancient mathematicians

Copernicus concluded that Ptolemy’s view of the universe was right because it confirmed the laws of reason wrong because it did not match his mathematical calculations the only truly Christian interpretation of the heavens destined to be confirmed by telescopic observations wrong because it relied on a series of concentric spheres

The three laws of planetary motion were developed by Kepler Copernicus Newton Ptolemy Pascal

The Catholic Church forced Galileo to reject Copernicanism because he was not behaving like a faithful Catholic it threatened Scripture and the dominant understanding of the universe he criticized the pope he renounced his faith it supported Protestantism

Isaac Newton’s law of gravity came to him when an apple fell on his head had its inception in his scholar’s chambers at Cambridge proved to him that religious teachings were mere superstitions showed that one mathematical law applied throughout the universe overturned much of the work completed by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo

The theory that a volume of a gas was proportional to the pressure exerted on it was identified by William Harvey Paracelsus Johannes Kepler Robert Bellarmine Robert Boyle

The main difference between early British and German women scientists was that women scientists were more numerous in Britain than in Germany in Britain they were usually women of leisure and in Germany they were craftswomen in Germany a woman had to be single to pursue a scientific career in Britain women were inducted into the Royal Society, but not in Germany British women were more likely to be involved in astronomy

In regards to commonly held ideas about women, the Scientific Revolution overturned sexual stereotypes rejected the notion that women needed to be controlled promoted the equality of the sexes provided scientific evidence that men and women should be equals reaffirmed traditional notions

In his explorations of anatomy, Vesalius suggested that the physical differences between men and women were external only were skeletal and internal only were external and skeletal proved the inferiority of women proved the equality of women

The significance of Descartes’ theories was that they proved with logic the accuracy of Galileo’s laws formed an acceptable alternative to Newton’s Principia created a division between the mind and the material world allowed a scientist to be a practicing Christian allowed the scientist to use reason and faith in the search for truth

Francis Bacon’s major contribution to early modern science lay in his creation of a working scientific method, based on induction the thoroughness of his research, which set an example for younger scholars his unwillingness to compromise his views, even when highly criticized the work he did as president of the Royal Society his publication of Discourse on Method

The new science was readily accepted in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century because of support from the Roman Catholic Church the direct application of science to the interests of a European elites and rulers the ability of all classes to use science the increased opportunities provided for women the harmony of religion and science

Spinoza differed with all other philosophers of his day about the natural inferiority of women as scientists dangers to European civilization of the Jewish faith Copernican view of the universe divinity of the material universe rational elements of Christianity

At the time of his death, Pascal was attempting to demonstrate the validity of Descartes’ dualism establish an alternative scientific society in France prove that a scientist can be a practicing Christian and vice versa sell commercially his calculating machine refute the idea of a heliocentric universe

The long-range significance of the Royal Society and Royal Academy was to encourage scientists to work cooperatively provide many military inventions to the kings of England and France help scientists win patents for their inventions establish schools of science for aspiring young scholars provide a venue for female scientists