Science & Technology 11 Ms. Brock

 Pacific Ocean  Rocky Mountains  semi-arid desert, splendid forests and northern plains.  Magnificent natural beauty and resources  Economic backbone of BC  Valuable part of our economy  Mining, Fishing, Agriculture, Forestry

 Made with natural resources  Clothes, computer, phone, home, food  Natural resources  Something that is derived from nature in a raw form that we can use in our lives.  Examples:  Minerals  Metal Ores  Water  Forests  Water  Animals

 Renewable  One that can regrow, regenerate, or replenish  Examples:  Solar energy  Biomass (plant material or animal waste used for fuel)  Wind energy  Geothermal energy (heat from deep within the Earth)  Water  Soil  Trees  Fish  Non-renewable  One that cannot be renewed, regrown, or replenished or at least for a very long time  Occur in fixed amounts that diminish as we use them  How long it lasts depends on demand and how much is available (reserve)  Reserve  total amount of known natural resource that has been measured and judged economical to extract  Examples:  Oil – oil deposits  Coal  Gas  Ore – like iron

 Very important  Trees – furniture, houses, paper, and many more  Minerals  Computers – lead, gold, copper, aluminum, nickel, and zinc  Guitar  Microphone  Body – needs calcium, phosphorus, sodium, sulphur, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, iron, and trace amounts of chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, tin, vanadium, and zinc.  Without mining  there would be NO music industry!

 Depends on several things:  Location of the resource  Availability of the resource  Demand for the resource  Can be personal, economical, and environmental  Intricately connected – if has personal value we may want to extract it which impacts economic and in turn environmental.  Value may change over time  Coal was important during industrial revolution  Personal value  Meets basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter  Provides us with comfort or leisure  Economic value  Provides us with jobs and money  Environmental value  Importance and interconnection with every living and non-living thing around it

 Primary Industries:  Forestry  Fishing  Mining  Agriculture

 Two types of minerals  Base metals – copper, aluminum  Precious metals – gold, silver  Large Concentrations of valuable metals  mining operation may be opened  Extraction – two ways  Sub-surface mining  Removal of minerals from underneath the ground by cutting into the Earth  Surface mining  Removal of deposits from an open pit mine  Strip-mining (removing layers of the earth one at a time)  Mountain top removal

 Multiple metal deposits  Lead-zinc-silver deposits  Extracted ore is processed in a smelter or refinery to purify the desired metals and discard the tailings or waste products  Structural materials  Gravel or limestone  Fossil fuels like thermal coal or oil  BC’s First Nations – first to mine for minerals

 First Nations people relied on salmon and other fish for food and trade items.  Five Important species of salmon  Coho  Pink  Sockeye  Chum  Spring  Dried and smoked for the winter  Canning – new way to preserve fish  major export  First canneries in 1870 and by early 20 th century many canneries along major salmon rivers  Freezing facilities on ships shut down many canneries

 Farming began with Europeans in the early 1800s  Farms near Fort Victoria, Saanich Peninsula, Fraser Valley  Fruit-growing regions  Okanagan  Kootenay Valley  Peace River Valley  Wine Industry – vineyards in the Okanagan and Vancouver Island  3% is arable land or potentially arable  Up to 30% of the province has some agricultural potential

 Most important primary industry  Past 200 years – more wealth than any other industry  45% is covered in forests – only 50% is commercial timber  Coniferous evergreen trees – softwood lumber  Gigantic trees of BC’s coastal old growth forests  large work forces and more expensive to log  Transportation challenges of hauling logs and high labour costs  Quality and size makes them very valuable  BC’s Interior – smaller trees, widely distributed, located on flatter terrain  Fewer workers, easier to transport  Pulp and Paper Industry  One of the world’s largest producers  First pulp mill in Alberni Valley in 1860s

 Early 1930s – chain saw preferred method  First chain saws – mechanized versions of a crosscut saw  Crosscut technology – inefficient  teeth quickly become dull and the cut or kerf is wide  Lot of energy goes into chewing through the debris that the saw makes  1935 – Joe Cox (mechanic and logger)  timber beetles in the larval stage cut through wood  Used cutters on head to make left-right cross wise motions – left almost no debris  Working model of a chain saw chain – two cutters on each head  Patented and entered market in 1947

 Harvesting – extracting natural resources from the environment  Harvested  Processed  Useful finished products  Manufacturing  Oil  extracted from the earth then refined then processed into solvents, fuels, and petrochemicals  Trees  cut down then hauled to a mill where cut into lumber and placed in a kiln to dry or sent and processed for paper or pulp  Different methods to extract it then process it into useful consumer products  Manufacturing – makes finished products on a large scale from raw resources

 Wooden pencil – cedar tree  Writing core (lead) – graphite and clay  Ferrule – metal ring that holds the eraser – made from minerals  Eraser – wax and rubber  Made from petroleum which comes from oil drilled from the ground 1. Cedar trees harvested and sent to a sawmill for processing. 2. Sawmill – cedar logs cut into blocks and dried in a kiln. Go to a slat factory. 3. Slat factory – cedar blocks cut into strips called pencil slats 4. Pencil slats – sorted by quality, dipped in a wax and stained. Go to pencil factory 5. Pencil factory – Machine cuts a groove in the slats 6. Writing core (graphite/clay mixture) dipped in wax allowing it to glide smoothly over paper is placed in the groove 7. Second grooved slat placed over top and glued to the first grooved slat. 8.Glue dries – slats cut into individual pencils and trimmed to length – special machine shapes the pencils. 9. Pencils are inspected then painted. 10. Metal ring and eraser – crimped into place

 At every step of the process, energy is being used to find the resources, extract them, refine them, manufacture and transport the finished or semi-finished goods to the stores.  Every piece of machinery required to saw the wood, produce the writing core, paint the pencils and cover them in plastic or a cardboard box went through its own production processes. The amount of technology to manufacture a pencil is huge! Pencil Video