LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17 TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

5-1 How Do Species Interact? Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions— competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem.

Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction? Habitat – live in giant _____________ forests in shallow waters along the Pacific coast of North America Agile swimmers that dive to the ocean bottom looking for shellfish Use their bellies as a table and a ___________ to break open the shellfish Hunted by ________ traders almost to the point of extinction kelp rock fur

Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction? 1977 – U.S Fish and Wildlife Service put them on the __________________ species list Partial Recovery : 1938 to 2009 numbers increased from about 50 to 2,654 Why care about sea otters? Ethics Tourism dollars Keystone species – without them, sea urchins and other kelp eating species would _____________ a kelp forest and all of the biodiversity associated with it endangered destroy

Species Interact in Five Major Ways Interspecific Competition - when two or more species interact to gain access to the ________ limited resources Predation – one a member of one species (predator) _______ on a member of another species (prey) Parasitism – occurs when one organism (parasite) feeds on another organism (host) by _____________ on or in the host Mutualism – an interaction that _________________ both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource Commensalism – an interaction that benefits one species but has _______ effect on the other same feeds living benefits no

Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources The most common interaction between species is ________________ for limited resources When two species compete for the same resources, their ecological niches _________________ The greater the overlap, the more ___________ the competition One species will win Others move, shift their feeding habits, or become ___________ in that area competition overlap intense extinct

Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources Over a time scale ____________ enough for natural selection to occur, populations of some species develop adaptations for ______________ resources… Resource partitioning Using only ____________ of resource Using at different ____________ or in ____________ ways long sharing part times different

Fig. 5-2, p. 106 Blackburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Cape May Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler

Specialist Species of Honeycreepers Fig. 5-3, p. 107

Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (1) Predators may capture prey by 1.Walking 2.Swimming 3.Flying 4.Pursuit and ambush 5.Camouflage 6.Chemical warfare

Predator-Prey Relationships Fig. 5-4, p. 107

Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2) Prey may avoid capture by 1.Run, swim, fly 2.Protection: shells, bark, thorns 3.Camouflage 4.Chemical warfare 5.Warning coloration 6.Mimicry 7.Deceptive looks 8.Deceptive behavior

Fig. 5-5a, p. 109 (a) Span worm - prey Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Camouflage (blending in)

Fig. 5-5b, p. 109 (b) Wandering leaf insect Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Camouflage (blending in) Deceptive looks? (red eyes)

Fig. 5-5c, p. 109 (c) Bombardier beetle Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Chemical warfare

Fig. 5-5d, p. 109 (d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Chemical warfare, warning coloration

Fig. 5-5e, p. 109 (e) Poison dart frog Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Chemical warfare, warning coloration

Fig. 5-5g, p. 109 (g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Deceptive looks

Fig. 5-5h, p. 109 (h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake. Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Deceptive behavior

Science Focus: Threats to Kelp Forests Kelp forests – contain large concentrations of _______________ seaweed biologically diverse marine habitat also help to protect the shoreline from ____________ by blunting the force of incoming _____________ Major threats to kelp forests 1.Sea urchins…sea otters eat them 2.Pollution from water run-off (fertilizer) 3.Global warming giant erosion waves

Predator and Prey Interactions Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution When two species interact for long periods of time, changing the __________ pool of one species may change the gene pool of the other Such changes can help both sides to become more competitive…_______________________ Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths gene coevolution

Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus Bat Hunting a Moth Fig. 5-6, p. 110

Parasitism: Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lamprey Fig. 5-7, p. 110 Parasites _______________ kill their hostrarely

In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit Mutualism …often involves a ____________ and _________________ relationship Gut inhabitant mutualism – bacteria live in the __________________ system of animals Bacteria receive ________________________ Animals receive help __________________________ Not cooperation: it’s mutual exploitation nutritional protection digestive Shelter/protection digesting their food

Fig. 5-8, p. 110 Mutualism: Hummingbird and Flower

Mutualism: Oxpeckers Clean Rhinoceros; Anemones Protect and Feed Clownfish Fig. 5-9, p. 111

In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed Commensalism Examples Epiphytes – plants that use larger plants for _______________ space Birds nesting in trees growing

Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree Fig. 5-10, p. 111

Review Question 1 Fig. 5-10, p. 111 This picture demonstrates…. Resource partitioning

Review Question 2 Fig. 5-10, p. 111 This picture demonstrates…. Chemical warfare

Review Question 3 Fig. 5-10, p. 111 This picture demonstrates…. parasitism